Memoirs of the Wilkinson Family in America, published 1869
Memoirs of the Wilkinson Family in America, 1869

Biography No. XIX — Mrs. Vienna (Sheldon) Wilkinson, cont.

With melancholy pleasure we record this obituary to the eminent worth of such a wife and mother. For nearly half a century she was the faithful companion of the devoted husband who now bows under the weight of a most afflicted bereavement. Their union was a peculiarly congenial and happy one. Through prosperity and adversity, joy and sorrow, they walked hand in hand with true connubial sympathy which mutually cheered and strengthened them amid all the experiences of life. She was the mother of fifteen children, five of whom preceded her to the Spirit-land, and ten remain to bless her memory in this mortal sphere.

She was as good a mother as a wife—very affectionate, patient, careful, unwearied, and at the same time dignified. Her children were the legitimate offspring of abiding, conjugal love They loved their parents and each other. Thus was exhibited the delightful spectacle of a family dwelling together in unity—happy in rendering each other happy. The survivors now take a plaintive and hallowed pleasure in ascribing much of this to their departed loved one. She was not only endowed with a loving heart, always disposed to do them and everybody else good, but with strong good sense, judgment and firmness to govern her household judiciously. They looked up to her instinctively with filial reverence and affection. To show them her counsel was law, and her direction order. They were only happy to conform to her wishes and instructions. Well may they treasure up exemplary excellencies, and revere her memory as one of the best of mothers. She was deservedly loved and respected too, in the wider circles of social life, as a relative, friend and neighbor who loved to bless and curse not.

But her life wore away—disease fulfilled its mission upon her physical frame, and her change came. She was ripe and ready for it; her work done, her family grown up, her life brimming with love and usefulness, her soul prepared, her spiritual faith and hope unwavering. At peace with God and man, looking off as from Pisgah's top upon the fair landscapes of Canaan's glorious spirit-land, she departed calmly to the mansion prepared for her by the Son and angels of God. May many imitate her good example, and deserve at last a record fair like hers. May the now lonely husband, with the kind children who share his bereavement, be embosomed by the divine loving-kindness and ministrations of consolation from the heavenly world, till finally re-united with dear departed in the tearless realms of immortality.

She is interred in the family burying ground on the old homestead in Smithfield, R. I.

"Beside her grave the marble white,
Keeps silent guard by day and night;
Serene she sleeps, nor hears the tread
Of footsteps o'er her lowly bed."



Biography No. XX — Jeptha Avery Wilkinson

Jeptha Avery Wilkinson, the son of Jeptha and Lucy (Smith) his wife was born in Cumberland, R. I., and has resided in Providence, New York, Long Island, and now resides in London, England. In May 1812, he was teaching a school at, or near "Salina Salt Point," Onondagua Co., N. Y. At the breaking out of the war of 1812, with Great Britain, volunteers were called for to man some posts on Lake Ontario, and other places exposed to the enemy. Jeptha closed his school and offered his services in the New York volunteer regiment, and was in active service about three years. Before the war closed he was promoted to the rank of Lieut. Colonel. After peace was restored he began to invent a machine to manufacture weaver's reeds for the power looms which had been recently introduced into the cotton factories established by Slater. Jeptha had been previously engaged in the manufacture of cotton and woolen goods, and well knew the toilsome process of making these reeds by hand. He spent a long time in contriving this machine and finally brought it to perfection in Otsego Co., N. Y., I believe. He was advised by his friends who had witnessed the operation of his invention, to go to England where reeds were more in use at that time and in greater demand than in this country. He, however, erected an establishment in Providence, R. I. and left it in charge of his brother Arnold Wilkinson, and then went to England, and made an exhibition of his machine at Manchester. He was favored by the cotton manufacturers, who saw a chance to obtain the much needed article at a lower rate than ever before presented, and was encouraged by them to erect an establishment at Manchester, which he did, and was doing a flourishing business, when great opposition arose from hand reed makers, who saw their business gradually departing from them. They declared that if he should be permitted to go on hundreds and thousands of poor people would be thrown out of employment. He was threatened and ordered back to America, but he disregarded them. One Sunday while attending church his buildings were destroyed by fire, the work of an incendiary, and probably instigated by his opponents, the reed makers. It is said the Richard Hargreaves, the inventor of spinning jenny was persecuted by a class of operatives who used a similar argument, that it would throw multitudes out of employment. They broke into his house and destroyed his machine. The inventor of the fly-shuttle was also, obliged to flee his native county from the violent threatenings and persecutions of ignorant and selfish operatives who opposed mechanical improvements, and had not talent enough to appreciate genius. Such a course has never had the effect to prevent the general adoption of the improvement, and as they have been successively made, the people have always found employment. Mr. Wilkinson subsequently made arrangements with Messrs. Sharp, Roberts & Co., at Dean's Gate, Manchester, and leased his right to them for England.

After this he patented his machine in the kingdom of the Netherlands, and subsequently sold it to that kingdom for seventeen thousand seven hundred seventy-seven dollars in gold. He then erected an establishment in Paris, (France) and while there he made the acquaintance of Miss Sarah H. Gibson, daughter of John H. Gibson, Esq. a wealthy gentleman, and a Barrister of London. Her mother was a relative of the Douglasses, of Douglass Castle, Scotland, of historical renown. They were married about _____ and have fourteen children. The reed business did not prove successful in Paris, and Mr. W. returned with his wife to America intending to fall back upon his establishment in Providence, but upon arriving there, he was informed by his brother that he was a ruined man as regarded property in Providence—that the establishment had gone to ruin and all was lost! This was an unlooked for stroke of ill-fortune and weighed heavily upon his mind. Other men might have sunk under these multiplied trials, and perplexing embarrassments, but he rose above them—determined to ride out the storm, and try again.

The above sic is a brief sketch of the reed machine, an invention that is regarded as indespensible in the cotton manufacturing business of the present day. The public are daily reaping rich harvests from its use, while the trials, and perplexities and losses of the gifted inventor are scarcely remembered.

Mr. W. seems to have been particularly unfortunate with his inventions. The following extract from a letter from his son Albert of L. I. illustrates this point in regard to an invention that has brought untold wealth to the successful manufacturer in America. All have heard of the Revolver, a species of fire-arms in general use in the army and navy, and all over the country, but very few know who originally invented it. It bears the name of "Colt's Revolver," but while in Hartford, Ct. in June, 1866, I had conversation with several gentlemen in regard to Colt's fire-arm, this being his place of residence; and they informed me that Colt was not the inventor, but that he got the drawings from a French officer in Paris. The following statement will explain the whole matter. Albert Wilkinson above mentioned says "My father conceived the idea of a repeating revolver, and while at Paris, France showed his drawings to an officer of the French government. A Mr. Colt of Colt's revolver notoriety then a young man saw the drawings in question at the office, or residence of this officer, and went and secured patents on the same, ahead of my father, and thus has Colt built up a fortune and a name and robbed the original inventor of the honor to which he was so justly entitled.

Mr. W. was not long idle after his return to America. With him the wheel seems to be the center of perfection and rotary motion the absolute perfection of all mechanical principles. All of his inventions however variously applied involve the circular motion.

Observing the operation of the common printing presses then in use at that time, the idea occurred to him that great improvements might be made upon them. Accordingly he turned his attention to a new mechanical invention, which after many years labor, and perplexities enough to discourage any man but himself, resulted in the

"Rotary Cylindrical Printing Press,"

which for simplicity of structure, and velocity in action has not been equalled, and cannot be excelled.

As there has been a great deal said and printed about this matter, and conflicting statements have been said by certain persons, disparaging the claims of Mr. W. to this world renowned invention, I shall give a detailed account of the development and progress and a description of the machine itself, and also the shameful manner n which its principles have been pirated, and secretly patented in distant countries, by unprincipled men, depriving Mr. W. of the profit, and in a great measure of the honor which justly belongs to him.

The following account taken from the "Endless Register," printed in New York June 6, 1860, will be read with interest by members of this family.

"To our Readers—We now present some proof of the successful operation of our press. The paper which you now hold in your hand, was printed on Wilkinson's Cylindrical Rotary Printing Press—and this impression will best illustrate the nature of the improvement. We shall confine ourself sic to a brief out line of the history of the work.



Pages 490-507 were not scanned and the text from those pages is also omitted here. The following section begins at the top of page 508 of the original book, and on wilk1136.tif of the scanned pages, in the middle of the biography of David Wilkinson, son of Oziel and Lydia (Smith) Wilkinson.


Biography No. XXI — David Wilkinson, cont.

. . . hearing of David's attempt he advised him to abandon the enterprise as chimerical, for the thing had been tried in England time and again, and had always resulted in failure. David was not to be discouraged; he completed his patterns for the lathe, and was already to start for Foxborough the next morning to secure the castings, when Sylvanus Brown took the liberty to burn them up! Somewhat vexed, but nothing daunted by this unlooked for freak on the part of Mr. Brown, David prepared another set, got them cast, made his lathe—and it worked to a charm. Thus was secured to the world this great invention, which has resulted in enriching multitudes of individuals and the nation, but brought no return to the inventor until Congress voted him $10,000.*

Here we find inventive genius and persevering industry combined; an unusual combination. Genuis will not tarry for the slow steps of plodding industry while it is giving form and life to its intangible conceptions. It has a higher purpose and rises to loftier elevations seeking new modes and endeavoring to develop grander results. Just money enough to carry on the enterprise is all sufficient to satisfy the ambition of Genius; at least it will not abandon its search—for filthy lucre. Hence how few of these real geniuses ever acquire a competence? Surrounded by a community who have but little sympathy in common with them, and whose minds cannot comprehend the magnitude and importance of the results of their inventions, they are usually regarded as dreamers, "putterers—always tinkering upon something of no account;" and should they die unsuccessful, they are at once forgotten. How many have failed for want of means; and, after having in their mental laboratory given being to "airy nothing," and evolved from chaos as it were, a beautiful, useful creation—a mechanism that saves the sweat from many brows, and the labor of a million hands, how often is it the case that some mere amateur, the pet of fortune, or wealthy patronage snatches the wreath from the brow of real genius, and places it upon his own dimunitive head, while the world all ignorant of the real, gives honor to the spurious, and applauds the thief!


* See note at the end of this sketch.

The First Steamboat.

David was about 22 years of age, when he was returning home from the Hope Furnace in Scituate where he had been preparing some castings, and stopped to see the ore bed in Cranston. Here he found a Mr. Ormsbee who was repairing the steam engine used to raise water from the bottom of the ore pits—a depth over seventy feet. He examined the engine with great care, and has given the following description of it:  "The engine was made with the main cylinder open at the top, and the piston raised with a large balance lever, as the news of the cap on the cylinder by Boulton and Watt had not yet come to this country when that engine was built." The two mechanics were mutually interested, and their conversation turned upon the power, and use of steam. Mr. Ormsbee said he had been reading of a boat's being put in operation by steam at Philadelphia, and the statement appeared not only possible, but eminently feasible to them, and they agreed to try the experiment. Ormsbee was to get the boat and boiler, and Wilkinson was to prepare the machinery and the castings. His narrative of this transaction is so simple and explicit that I venture to quote again from his "Reminiscences." He said Ormsbee made the proposal that "if I would go home with him and build the engine, he would build a steamboat. I went home and made my patterns, cast and bored the cylinder, and made the wrought iron work, and Ormsbee hired a large boat of John Brown belonging to one of his large India ships—should think about twelve tons (burden). I told him of two plans of paddles,—one I called the flutter wheel, and the other the goose-foot paddle. We made the goose-foot to open and shut with hinges, as the driving power would be much cheaper applied than the paddle wheel. After we had got the boat nearly done, Charles Robins made a pair of paddle wheels, and attached them to a small skiff and ran about with a crank by hand power. After having the steamboat in operation, we exhibited it near Providence between two bridges,—I think while the bridges were being built. After our frolic was over, being short of funds, we hauled the boat up and gave it over."

"About this time," he adds, "a young man called on me, and wished to see the boat, and remained a day or two, examining all the works. He told me his name was Daniel Leach from Connecticut. I never knew where he came from nor where he went."

The foregoing statement of Mr. Wilkinson is sustained by a number of persons, namely, Jeremiah Childs, James Salisbury, Col. John S. Eddy, and Capt. John H. Ormsbee, all of whom—as well as others—were eye witnesses of the affair. Capt. John H. Ormsbee accompanied the experimenters to steer the boat, and says—"Elijah Ormsbee got the loan of a long boat belonging, to the best of my recollection, to the ship Abigail, then lying in Providence. This boat he took to a retired place about three and a half miles from Providence known as Winsor's Cove. A copper still, of from one hundred to two hundred gallons capacity, owned by Col. Ephraim Bowen, used by him in his distillery in the south part of the town for the distilling of herbs, was loaned him by Col. Bowen. The cylinder and castings were cast at Pawtucket, I believe at the furnace of the Wilkinsons. The cove was selected for its little exposure to travellers by land or water, that he might not be disturbed at his work, and in case of his want of success, he would not be subject to the derision of the community. He succeeded in getting his machinery in operation, and on a pleasant evening in autumn, he left Winsor's Cove in the first boat propelled by steam that ever floated on the waters of Narragansett bay and Providence River, and arrived safely at the lower wharf. The next day they left in the boat for Pawtucket, to show their friends in that village, the success that had attended the enterprise. At Pawtucket the boat remained a day or two, and then returned to Providence. * * * The steam was applied to raise the piston, and then being condensed by cold water, the piston turned by atmospheric pressure. In this way the paddles of the boat at her side, were moved forward and aft, no wheels being used, but upright paddles, which did not lift out of the water, but when moved forward they closed, and when moved aft, they expanded,—their whole width being about eighteen to twenty-four inches wide. The progress of the boat was from three to four miles per hour in smooth water, and if wheels had been substituted for paddles, would probably, have increased her speed to five or six miles per hour."

This was in the year 1792 or 3, about sixteen years before Robert Fulton succeeded in his enterprise on the Hudson River, which took place in 1809. "It is fair to claim," says the Rev. Mr. Goodrick, in his Centennial Discourse (1865)—"that had the Pawtucket been a longer stream, so that steam had been as important for it as for the Hudson; or had some discerning capitalist been ready to afford the pecuniary aid needful for testing and perfecting the invention, the chaplet which adorns the head of Fulton might have been woven for the brows of Wilkinson and Ormsbee. And the Pawtucket River and Narragansett Bay would have had an additional claim to fame."

"Honor to whom honor is due."

In the light of the above facts, to whom is the honor of the first successful experiment upon the application of steam to the propulsion of boats to be attributed? There are those who answer—that "as these inventors did not make it available by bringing it into general use, it is not justly attributable to them." Shall we then do homage to the inventive faculty, only when it is accompanied with the advantitious circumstance of wealth and crowned with success? Where is wealth without genius? Genius is the soul which vivifies and animates the lifeless form, and gives efficiency to industry and property. Knowledge, not money is power. The man who knows the most, if he makes a right use of his knowledge, is entitled to the highest honor, and next to him is the man who does the most in the right direction. Wealth is as apt to be an appendage of a fool, as a wise man.

These men were original inventors. It is not probable that either of them had ever heard of the publication of Jonathan Hull in 1737, nor the proposal of Abbe Arnal in 1781, nor of the construction of the Marquis of Juffroy in 1782, at Lyons, nor of the experiment of James Rumsey in 1784 on the Potomac, nor of the success of John Fitch before and after 1784. So far as their work was concerned it was original.

Three or four years after this successful experiment, Mr. Wilkinson was in New York and visited Fulton's works and went over to Hoboken and saw Col. John Stevens' boring mill and also, a small steamer built by him. He says, "I thought Stevens was ahead of Fulton as an inventor." He traveled about the country a great deal, collecting facts, and making sale for his manufactures. He was at the trial or sic Fulton and Ogden (1814-1815) before the Legislature of New Jersey in reference to the paddle wheel of steamers, and hearing that Fulton said he made the draft of the wheel in London, he thought it very singular that the same idea should strike two persons so nearly at the same time, at such a distance apart. This paddle wheel was substantially the same that had been suggested when Wilkinson and Ormsbee made their successful steamboat experiment on Narragansett Bay, and that Charles Robins used on the "little skiff" before mentioned, and Daniel Leach had examined so carefully at the same time.

We insert the following incident here, as it explains an important item in regard to the original invention of the steamboat, although it is out of place in a chronological point of view.

In 1840, Mr. Wilkinson was on the railroad from Utica to Albany. He fell in company with an aged gentleman, well informed, and an ex-member of the Legislature of N. Y., and their conversation turned upon the subject of steam as a motive power. During that interview the following dialogue occurred:

Strang.  "I think more credit bas sic been given to Fulton than is his due; and that Col. John Stevens is more deserving than Fulton."

Wilkinson.  "I never thought Fulton an inventor, but simply a busy collector of other people's inventions."

S.  "Well, I always said so, and he would never have succeeded, if it had not been for Daniel Leach."

W.  "What do you mean by Daniel Leach?"

S.  "Why, a Yankee that Fulton kept locked up for six months making drafts for him."

Mr. Wilkinson says, "The name of Daniel Leach burst upon my ears for the first time in forty-nine years, and almost explained some mysteries."

It is probable, means will be taken to ascertain more about this Daniel Leach, and his connexion sic with Fulton, while experimenting with the application of steam.

David was actively engaged in the first cotton manufactory, and aided in making the first machinery used for that purpose. He says, "Mr. Slater came out with Moses Brown to my father's at Pawtucket to commence an Arkwright water frame and breaker, two finishers and carding machines. I forged the iron work, and turned the rollers and spinners, in part. All the turning was done with hand tools, and by hand power, with crank wheels. When the card rims and wheels were wanting; I went with Slater to Mansfield, Mass., to a furnace owned by a French gentleman, named Danby, who came I think with La Fayette's army, who has a son and one daughter now living in Utica and Auburn, N. Y. The card rims broke in cooling. Mr. Slater said the iron shrunk more than the English iron. I told him we would make a crooked arm, that would let the rim move around—the arms being carried one way, when the hub cooled would return and leave the wheel divided against itself,—which proves a remedy in all cases, if the arms are made the right width the right way, to let the curve spring easy, with sufficient strength of iron. I told him cast iron broke more often by division in its own family, than by labor."

By study and experiment, difficulties were overcome, and as the demand increased machinery was built and sent to every part of the country. Mr. W. continues, "We built machinery to go to Pomfret, and Killingly, Ct.; to Hartford, Vt.; to Waltham, Norton, Raynham, Plymouth, Halifax, Plimpton, Middleboro, and other places in Mass.; for Wall and Wells, Trenton, N. J.; for Union and Gray on the Patapsco; for the Warren factories on the Gunpowder near Baltimore; to Tarbato and Martinburgh N. C.; to two factories in Georgia; to Louisiana; to Pittsburgh; to Delaware; to Virginia and other places. Indeed, Pawtucket was doing something for almost every part of the Union, and I had my hands too full of business, and was laboring too much for the general prosperity, to take proper care of the details, perhaps, and the advancement of my own individual interests."

In 1829 Mr. W. moved with his family to Cohoes Falls, N. Y. near Albany, and engaged in the manufacturing business, but soon after he went about to get work elsewhere as certain influences of a political character ruined materially injured that business at Cohoes. While he was there he built a church and supported a minister mainly at his own expense. The financial revulsion of 1829, was the occasion of Mr. W.'s leaving Pawtucket, concerning which, Rev. Mr. Goodrich in his Historical Discourse, makes the following remark,—"Our town committed one suicidal act nearly forty years ago. In the severe business revulsion of 1829, David Wilkinson and other enterprising mechanics were allowed to leave the place. The Capitalists of the neighborhood should have prohibited it. A few words of encouragement, and, in due time, seasonable pecuniary aid had kept them here." Undoubtedly Pawtucket would have been amply compensated by lifting the pecuniary burden that compelled his failure. His wanderings and labors are related by himself after he left Pawtucket as follows.

"We were compelled now to get our living where we could; to go abroad, if we could not get work at home. I went to work on the Delaware and Raritan Canal, N. Y.,—then on the St. Lawrence improvements Canada; then to Ohio on the Sandy and Beaver Canal, then to the new wire bridge on the Ottawa River at Bytown, Canada, and Virginia. Wherever I could find anything to do I went; and it is wonderful how I endured exposure to wet and cold."

He was over sixty years of age at this time.

We need not say that he was a man of extraordinary strength of mind—his works attest that, especially when we remember that he never attended school after he was nine years of age. His "Reminiscences"—published in the "Transactions of the R. I. Society for the Encouragement of Domestic Industry," and also in the "Report of the Celebration of the One Hundreth Anniversary of the town of North Providence," 1865, are exceedingly interesting, and exhibit an original cast of mind. The former publication contains the "Memoirs of David Wilkinson by the Rev. Geo. Taft, D. D.", which will close his sketch.

"I purpose sic to record a few memories and impressions of David Wilkinson, and in doing so shall use the first person, not for ostentation, but for convenience. I knew him well and long. I have been with him at home and abroad, and in sickness and in health, in prosperity and adversity. His house was my home as often as I choose to make it so, and that was frequent, from the autumn of 1820 up to the time of his departure from Pawtucket to return no more, till he was brought back to be laid in the sepulchral vault.
He was a man. One of Nature's noblemen. He needed not the pomp and circumstance of heraldry to emblazon his name. The simple name without prefix or affix was enough.

"Take him for all and all
I shall not look on his like again."
"The elements
So mixed in him that Nature might stand up
And say to all the world,—This was a man."

He was physically educated; every muscle was developed, every nerve braced up, and his whole frame energized by manual labor. There has been and probably is now, in some branch of the family, a coin or medal struck in England, on one side of which there is a muscular arm wielding a sledge. A significant symbol. David Wilkinson responded to it. It was necessary that his body be strong and vigorous to sustain the operation of his massive intellect. His corporeal training strongly resembles that of one of Rhode Island's—one of America's—most distinguished sons, Gen. Nathaniel Greene.
His intellectual training, according to the popular notion of education, was very limited. He never enjoyed the privilege of attending a grammar school, or an academy, or a college. He told me that he graduated and took his degree on the dark day; a day memorable in the history of New England. It occurred in the year 1780. He was then attending a female school. The good woman was very much alarmed and dismissed her school. He was then nine years old and went to school no more. Notwithstanding his limited opportunity for receiving the training and discipline of the school-room, he was, nevertheless, a well educated man. His education did not consist in an accumulation of learned rubbish, nor did it make a dazzling show; it was pre-eminently useful and practical. His mind was drawn out, developed and expanded. It took a vast range. I have neither the leisure nor the ability to traverse the length and breadth of his mind, nor to measure its height and its depth. He was prepared to grapple with any subject, no matter how novel. He attained to this high degree of mental power, by thought. He was a patient and profound thinker. His intellectual machinery was always in motion.
Compared with some men he read but few books. He read men. He would not be long in social intercourse with a man, without understanding him. His library was a walking one, and he diligently used it. He was a keen, even severe observer. When he walked the street, or performed a journey, his eyes and ears were always open. If he saw or heard anything worth preserving, he made it his own. He gathered the wheat into the garner, and gave the chaff to the whirlwind. He improved him by conversation with the learned and wise, as opportunity afforded. And for the attainment of information in this way, he was highly privileged; for he enjoyed the society and the esteem of many—just as many—of the first men of the country as knew him; for instance: John Whipple, Nathaniel Searle, Tristam Burgess, Judge Story, the venerable and apostolic Bishop Griswold, Chase, the pioneer Bishop of the West, Henry Clay, and a host of others. I regret very much that these men have passed away, and I cannot communicate with them and obtain their reminiscences of David Wilkinson. Especially do I exceedingly regret that I cannot confer with Bishops Griswold and Chase; they were frequently his guests, and partook of his large and generous hospitality. What I am now attempting to do should have been done twenty years ago. Then many sources of information were open that are now forever closed, and I am now compelled to rely wholly upon my own memories and impressions. In leaving the educational department of his life, I do not hesitate to say, that I have met with men more book-learned than he was; but I have never met with, nor do I ever expect to meet with, a wiser man than David Wilkinson.
That he was a distinguished mechanic, his reminiscences and other documents, unmistakably prove. They must speak for me, I will only add, that in conversing with me, as he sometimes did about improvements and inventions in machines, that he contemplated making, he seemed to have them all in full and successful operation in his own mind.
It is well said by some one that "the reasoning power is the corner stone of the intellectual building, giving grace and strength to the whole structure." He possessed a pre-eminently logical head. From fixed principles, he proceeded step to step, to results. There was not a link in the chain of argument wanting. This faculty essentially aided him in his improvements and discoveries in the various departments of mechanical science. If he sometimes appeared to jump at a conclusion it was only in appearance. He arrived at the conclusion by a mental process clear and severe as a mathematical demonstration. But few were capable of understanding the operations of his mind, and they only were, therefore, competent to judge correctly of them. The masses had not his mechanical intuition and enthusiasm.


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