The out of copyright material for which this is the Glossary, has been transcribed by Colin Hinson, who has provided the transcription to the UK & Ireland Genealogical Information Service on condition that any further copying and distribution of the transcription is allowed only for noncommercial purposes, and includes this statement in its entirety. Any references to, or quotations from, this material should give credit to the original author(s) or editors. GLOSSARY This glossary of words is divided into 2 parts. The first part consists of standard English words (even if old), and the second part consists of words used in quotes from Leland (who used what to us would be called phonetic spelling) Most of the words in the Glossary were extracted by R.W. Long in California, who also offered suggestions as to how to get all the punctuation corrected. Hopefully, all the English words which are not used or have different spellings in the USA will appear in this Glossary, along with the now obsolete words and rare words (usually ecclesiastical). Words which are phonetically correct in quotes from Leland are generally omitted. A base Glossary was then generated by Beryl Thompson in Australia, and then generally messed around by me (Colin Hinson). Please ensure that you read the "Introductory Preface", as it contains information on some of the abbreviations used, and also explains the signs used with currency, and the currency format etc. If you should come across any errors in the main text of the Dictionary, or have any comments, or feel like arguing about the definition of any of the following words, or have suggestions for additions, then please drop me a line. In GENERAL to translate to American spelling: if there's a "ou" in the word, remove the u if there's a "wards" at the end of the word, remove the "s" if there's a "re" at the end of the word, replace with "er" from old to modern English: if the word ends in "e", remove the "e" Note that Roman numerals come in two forms: Upper Case and Lower Case: iii = III = 3 xvii = XVII = 17 Now the "plugs". I am looking for CHAPMAN or HOOD on the East Coast of Yorkshire, generally within 20 miles of Scarborough, to the south and the west, or alternatively HINSON or PINDER in the south of Yorkshire or North Lincolnshire, POTTS, FANTHORPE OR (S)PLAYFOOT in North Lincolnshire, or COULTIS in south east Yorkshire. (colin@blunham.demon.co.uk) Beryl Thompson is looking for: GARDINER, MALLORY and YORK(E) anywhere in Yorkshire, and LITTLEWOOD & HUNTER in the West Riding (both pre 1750) and would love to hear from anyone who can help her. (bthompso@pcug.org.au) Ron Long is looking for FOTHERGILL and DINSDALE in the Yorkshire Dales area (western part of the North Riding and northern part of the West Riding. (rwlong@exo.com) --------------GLOSSARY---------------- Q. accidence A. a book containing the fundamental grammar Q. accomplished. A. Achieved, finished or completed. Term sometimes used for a talented person. Q. accompt A. archaic form of account Q. advowson A. in English church law, the right of presentation to a vacant benefice. (the right of nominating a person as rector or vicar of a vacant parish) Q. affrighted A. suddenly alarmed with fear. Q. afore A. before or in front (afore is archaic) Q. aforehand A. (1)Prior to, before, or beforehand. (2) Amply provided. Q. ailes (modern = ails) A. Is sick, suffers from illness, a term sometimes used when a business or instution has difficulties, or is poorly managed or organised. Q. Alienate A. (in Law) to transfer the ownership (of property etc.) to another person. Also means to withdraw friendship, respect, or previous privilege. Q. Alms-House A. A charitable house run for the benefit of the poor (usually widows) in the community. Q. anathema against him A. A curse, or denunciation, or a formal ecclesiastical excommunication. Q. anti-space A. a room before or in front of another. Context: (under Hovingham) The entrance is directly out of the street for coaches, through a narrow passage into a large riding-house, then through the anti-space of two stables, and so up to the house door. In the hall is an antique basso relievo of a Bacchanalian group: Q. antiquary A. person who studies ancient evidence. Q. appendant A. Attached, annexed, linked to. Q. archbishoprick A. The juristriction, office or see of an archbishop. Q. archiopiscopal A. of, denoting, governed by, or relating to an archbishop or archbishops. Q. artificers A. Skilled or artistic workers such as goldsmiths; inventors; contrivers. Q. attaint A. A writ which lies after judgement against a jury, for giving false verdict in any court of record. Q. attainted A. stained, corrupted; rendered infamous; rendered incapable of inheriting. Q. azotic A. of azote (azote=nitrogen gas) Q. bailiff bailiff of the manor provides furmety A. A civil officer or functionary; an overseer on an estate who protected same from poachers; or a court (law) official. Q. barnekyn barnekyn inclosure A. ? Q. Bart. A. Baronet (a commoner who holds the lowest hereditary title of honour, ranking below a baron.) Q. battallia A. (1) The order of battle; troops arrayed in their proper brigades, regiments battalions, &c. as for action (2) The main body of an army in array, as opposed to the wings. Context: (under Myton) The Scotch finding themselves pursued, drew up on the other side of the river in battallia. A battle ensued, the Yorkists were defeated, and above 2,000 of the English, with Nicholas Heming, the lord mayor, were slain and drowned. Q. barrow barrow of stones and gravel A. A burial mound or hill; a prehistoric or ancient mound of earth and stones, often containing the remains of the dead; or a container, usually with one wheel used on building sites, or in the garden, to move materials. Q. basso relievo A. A sculpture in low relief; a method of sculpturing figures on a flat surface, the figures being slightly raised above the surface. Q. Bathing-machines. A. A wheeled dressing-box (cubicle), which was provided at the beach for bathers to change in. Q. cavaliers A. supporters of King Charles I. during the English civil war. Q. The Church, which was formerly a ... ?? A. A church parish (benefice) which in earlier times would be given and collated to a person, by the founder or patron, without either presentatin, institution, or induction by the ordinary. Q. The Church, peculiar, is a vicarage (the expression ?) A. In this case the peculiar, relates only to the vicarage, e.g. it is outside the juristriction of the archdeacon, or bishop, of the area where it is located. Belonging to a church dignitary from another diocese. See peculiar below. Q. Church is a perpetual curacy A. A curacy in perpetuity, e.g. continuous. Q. The Church is a rectory ... A. Church inside the rectory, e.g. residence on the incumbent. Q. beck A. North of England term for a (usually mountain) stream. Q. beneth A. Under. Old spelling of beneath. Q. Bishopric A. The see, diocese or office (position) of bishop. Q. borough another political division ? parish and borough of... A. From the Saxon word "burg" meaning a city, town or fort, later used for the administrative sub-divisions within a county, with the responsibilities of government for the area. Providing law, courts, as well as general local services, footpaths, roads. Expanding in recent years to include schools, libraries, street cleaning, dust-bins (American=refuse bins). Q. bovate what measure of land ? A. A bovate is one eighth of an oxgang (ploughland). An OXGANG is/was Ploughland. The area of land which could be cultivated in one year using a single ox (an ox is an adult castrated male of any domesticated species of cattle). See also Oxgang and Carucate. Q. burgage A. Tenure (=possession or holding) of land or tenement in a town or city, which originally involved a fixed money rent. Q. Burgess A. An inhabitant of a borough or walled town; or one who possesses a tenement therein; a citizen or freeman of a borough. A. A representative of a borough in parliament. Q. burthen A. archaic word for burden Q. cairns A. Heaps of stones, tapering at the top to form a cone, usually a monument of some kind. Q. camulodunum camulodunum of Ptolemy A. The place Ptolemy called camulodunum. Q. cantarists A. ? female proffesional singer? Q. capite to be held of the King in capite. A. A tenant/person holding land granted direct from the king. Q. carucates six carucates of land A. A carucate was an area of ploughland, it varied between 60 and 180 acres (depending on quality of land, e.g. soil), which could be ploughed by an eight oxen plough team in one year. -Also known as a Hide. The size was dependent on the quality of the land. Q. castellated A. having turrets and battlements like a castle Q. cell There had previously been a cell here, (not prison ?) A. A religious house. Q. centre A. Correct English spelling, American = center. Q. chancel A. The part of the church between the altar and the balustrad (rail/ screen), usually containing the area where the choir sits, and separate from the nave. Q. Chapel of ease ? A. A small chapel, positioned such that people could use it instead of the parish church when the parish church was difficult to get to (e.g. a long way away, or at the bottom of a valley with a village high up on the valley side). This term was also use for a small chapel, off the main body of a Cathedral or large church. Q. Chapter A. The governing body of a cathedral or collegiate church, usually a dean, archdeacon, precentor, chancellor, treasurer and canons (all church officials). The chapter looks after the "Fabric" of the church/cathedral and day to day running and finances. Q. chaumbre A. room, chamber Q. chevalier to found a chantry of 6 chaplains (chevalier A. A knight, a gallant young man. Q. chine A. Backbone of an animal with the adjoining meat. Q. chronicler historian? A. Yes, a recorder, keeper of records. Q. circumjacent A. bordering on every side Q. close A. any place surrounded by a fence or wall Q. coals A. pieces of coal. Q. co-extensive The wapentake and liberty are co-extensive A. Equally extensive; having equal scope or or extent. Q. cohort The first cohort of the Thracians........... A. A division of the Roman army, a tenth of a Legion, between 500 and 600 men. Or a band of warriors. Q. collated to which see he was collated in 1551 A. to appoint (an incumbent) to a benefice (usually by a bishop) Q. Common. A. The land on which householders living within a manorial system could graze cattle and sheep, and from which a common crop could be reaped. Later the common was a piece of land for the common use of all, e.g. the village green. However, contrary to popular belief, most common land today is only "common" to those living in that parish, and not to outsiders. Q. compounds who compounds by paying sixteen Pence for ale A. Assume it means to pay a levy or tax on ale. Q. consistory A. Court of a diocese administering ecclesiastical laws. Q. constablery A. The body, or jurisdiction of constables. Q. constableship A. The office of constable. Q. coney-warren tenant of the coney-warren A. A rabbit warren, the tenant would hold the rights to. Q. conjointly A. In a conjoint manner; jointly; united; as one; together. Q. conquest since the conquest A. 1066, William and all that. William the Conqueror was the only person ever to successfully invade the whole of mainland Britain. (The Romans gave up when they got to Scotland and built a wall from coast to coast to keep the Scots out of England). Q. copyhold A. a tenure less than freehold of land in England evidenced by a copy of the Court roll. Freehold property means that the property (and/or land) is not leased. Q. cormorant A. an aquatic bird having a dark plumage, along neck and body and a slender hooked beak. Q. cot A. A small house, a hut; a mean habitation; also a shed or inclosure for beasts. Q. Dean A. An official of the church, or resident fellow/ president, of a college or faculty. In the church, the Dean is the top man of a Chapter (see above) Q. deanry (modern = deanery) A. The office (position) of, or house in which the Dean lived. The group of parishes presided over by a rural dean. Q. a deanry and royal peculiar. A. See above re deanry, and peculiar below, but in this case the crown would make the appointment rather than the church. Q. declivity A. a downward slope of the ground. Q. demesne A. The land, rights and part of a manor, which the Lord retains for the use of himself and his family, which was separate from that leased or rented to his tenants. Q. demesne a charter of free warren for all his demesne lands A. See above, in this case the Lord granted a charter for the use of his demesne lands. Q. denominate A. to give a specific name to. Q. depredators predators A. Spoilers; wasters, plunderers, robbers. Q. Devisees A. those to whom a property is bequeathed Q. devolve A. to pass to a successor. Q. diocese A. A province, area of, circuit or extent of a bishop's juristriction. Q. disforrest A. To reduce from the privileges of a forest to the state of common ground; to strip of forest laws and their oppressive privileges. (see also forest). Q. dissolution A. The period commencing in 1536, when monasteries were dissolved by Act of Parliament, the lands and estates of the smaller ones confiscated by the Crown (e.g. Henry VIII). Later the lands and estates of the larger monasteries were taken, and became private properties, some going to former lease holders and farmers, who were formerly tenants. (see English History) Q. district called Richmondshire if a shire==county ?? A. A district within the county of Richmondshire, Richmondshire is a county. A shire is the name for the larger divisions (usually county) into which Great Britain is divided. Q. donative A. A gift, present, gratuity given by a patron or founder. Q. duchy A. the territory of a duke Q. ecclesiastic A. A church offical, can be applied to any member of the clergy who has been had been conscecrated to perform the church ceremonies. Q. eminence stands upon an eminence A. A term often used in relation to a high church official, or can mean distinction. In this case a piece of high ground (in the village). Q. enclosure; enclosures. A. Common unfenced land previously used by all householders for grazing, crops, haymaking, pasture and meadows, which became inclosed or enclosed (fenced), between the the 17th and 19th Century Q. estray A. A stray, an animal which has strayed from it's keeper. Q. expence (modern= expense) A. Costs. Q. extraparochial A. Land uninhabited in the Anglo-Saxon period, and outside the bounds of parish, civil or church control. It was exempt from church and poor rates, and in some cases tithes (one tenth of profit), normally paid to the Church. Q. fabric A. The term used for the structure, edifice, or building e.g. an abbey, , cathedral monastary, church etc, including all that goes to make up any of these. Q. fealty A. A Knight's service, or faithfulness to a master. Q. forest A. An extensive wood, or large tract of land covered with trees. A. In law, in Great Britain, a certain territory of woody grounds and pastures, privileged for wild beasts and fowls of forest, chase and warren, to rest and abide in, under the protection of the king, for his pleasure. Q. Freres A. friars (lit. brothers) Q. freare A. sister Q. frowning stands frowning the remains of a Castle A. Looming, oppressive, threatening. Q. fulminated A. Thundered, exploded, noise, threatened, denounced etc. Q. furmety A. A dish made of hulled wheat boiled in milk and seasoned. Q. gaol A. jail (prison, clink, etc.) Q. gigant A. Large, enormous, excessive growth. Q. gibbetted A. The term used when a criminal was hung from a post (gibbet, gallows), or the post on which the body placed on public exibition after execution. Q. Grange A. farm house and associated buildings Q. graver A. engraver Q. guillimotes A. guillemot - a northern oceanic diving bird having a black and white plumage and a long narrow bill. Q. guineas general discussion of money terms A. See preface Q. gulph A. gulf Q. halbert A. an axe with which to split a helmet Q. hamlet A. A small village, usually only two or three cottages. Q. hath A. Has. Q. Hawke A. Hawk - a bird of prey. Q. heptarchy A. a government by seven people Q. High Sheriff A. The Chief Officer of the County, originally responsible all matters relating to law. Many duties later passed to courts, coroners, tax collecters etc. Q. Hospital A. Hospitals in this period were usually charitable institutions, run locally by religious orders (churches, or in the early days monks & nuns), and funded by local donations. This would include the ruling families e.g. Knights, Lord of the Manor, in some cases the Crown (monarch), as well as merchants, farmers and citizens in the large cities, and villages. Q. hospital for four poor women ... why 'four poor women' ? common exp.? A. Assume accommodation for 4 poor women in the parish. Not the term "hospital" as accepted today, but a home for them. Q. impropriate impropriate rectory A. Revenue for/from rectory placed in the hands of a layman or to transfer rights from the church into lay hands. Q. inclose; inclosure; inclosed A. (less common spelling of enclose, etc) Surrounded, inclosed on all sides, means same as enclosed, see enclosure(s) above.. Q. incumbent A. A person who holds an office, especially a clergyman who holds a benefice. Q. inveteracy A. Confirmed by time, or habit, also obstanacy. Q. intrenchment A. (less common spelling of entrencment) A trench, or ditch dug around a fort or castle to fortify same. Q. jackdaws A. Native English birds, of the crow family, black with grey head. Q. justest A. Justice, justly. Q. juxta HUTTON juxta RUDBY A. Juxta = near to. Q. kittywake A. kittywake - oceanic gull having pale grey black tipped wings and a square cut tail. Q. labours (American = labor) A. Works, toils. Q. labourers (American = laborers) A. Manual workers, usually unskilled. Though the term applied to farm workers, who were often multi skilled, e.g. agricultural labourers. Q. liberty a part in the liberty of St. Peter A. A liberty was a manor, or group of manors, or other area lying outside the juristriction of the sheriff. It had a separate Commission of Peace. Q. liveries A. don't know - probably "supper" from the context. Context: (under Leckonfield) They breakfasted at seven, dined at ten, and supped at four: after which, between eight, and nine o'clock in the evening, they had their 'liveries' that is to say, "for my Lord and Lady, bread, as at breakfast;.... Q. Lixivium of its salt set by to crystallise A. Lye, water impregnated with alkaline salts taken from wood-ashe. Q. magazine coal magazine A. A store for weapons, explosives or coal. Q. manchets (two manchets of the finest meal) A. A small loaf of fine wheaten bread. Q. manor A. A landed estate consisting of a demesne and certain rights over lands held by freehold tenants etc. Q. manufactories A. factories Q. mark (currency) A. (Historically) English money of account valued at two thirds of an English pound (13s. 4d.). Q. medieties (the church has 2 medieties, one given by .......) A. ? Q. Messuage A. A dwelling house with land and out-buildings. A Capital Messuage was the house (manor), of the Lord of the Manor, or similar large residence, also know as a "mese". Q. moted Q. moated A. A fortification which is surrounded by a moat around it, "moated", a moat is a deep ditch filled with water. Q. monody A. Poem of lament for someones death Q. mouldering A. Crumbling, wasting. Q. nigh A. Near, close. Q. nitre A. Saltpetre, or potassium nitrate. Q. obelisk A. A retantangular column or monumental structure which tapers to a point at the top. Q. oxgangs with 2 carucates, and 2 oxgangs of land A. One eighth of a ploughland. N.B. See Bovate above re. ploughland. Q. one market-town A. A town with a market, usually granted by Royal Charter. Q. ordonance A. harmonious combination of parts of a building (or picture). Context: (under Rokeby) The front extends 96 feet it has a rustic basement, and in the centre four columns and two pilasters support Corinthian ordonance. Q. palatinate A. the area ruled by a count or an earl Q. parish A. A place having it's own church and priest, also an old poor law district, see Alms-house, hospital. Q. parish-town A. A town or village containing the Parish Church. Q. patent (e.g. of Queen Elizabeth) A. Letters Patent are letters open for public inspection written by or on behalf of the sovereign usually granting land or privilege to a person or area and have been in existence for at least 600 years. Patents conferring protection on inventions sprang out of these in the 16/17th C. Q. patron A. One who has/ had the right to present a "church living" e.g. appoint the vicar or priest. Also a person who funded education (for an individual or groups e.g. grammar schools, local schools), causes (funding the building of churches, hospitals, alms-houses etc), arts (individuals, in all forms of the arts, painting, music, crafts and the buidling of galleries, theatres). Q. patronymick A. name showing descent from a given person by adding a prefix or suffix Q. peculiar jurisdiction (used with other words-what does it say?) A. An area (property and lands) within an archdeaconary, but outside the juristriction of the archdeacon and usually the bishop. These were often the properties of either church officials from another diocese, or the lord of the manor. Q. peculiar A. See above. Q. pedlary pedlary-ware. A. Small goods sold by a pedlar, (a pedlar was a travelling salesman with no base, a chapman was the same but had a "warehouse") Q. Pence A. English currency. See Preface. Q. peppercorn rent A. rent that is very low or nominal (but not zero). Q. plough A. American= plow. Q. pompous house Q. pompous embassy A. In both cases pompous in this context means splendid, outstanding, imposing. Q. pon A. upon. Q. popish recusant convict A. Roman Catholic person convicted (and usually thrown into jail) of failing to take the oath of allegiance and failing to go to the Church of England church every Sunday. (Henry VIII had a thing against the pope, refer to English History). Q. porch A. low structure projecting from the door of a house, church, or other building and forming a covered entrance. (NOT a veranda as in the USA) Q. post-town A. The town in which the post riders would change (post-)horses (at the post-house!) Q. prebend A. Stipend assigned by a cathedral or collegiate church to a canon or other member of a chapter. Q. prebendary A. Someone who holds a prebend. Q. Preceptors A. Tutors or instructors Q. preferred was preferred to the bishopric of Bristol A. Was installed, appointed or promoted to....". Q. Pre-monstratensian A. Period before a shrine was consecrated. Q. priory A. Abbey, monastery. Q. Propraetor of Britain. A. Roman magistrate, in old script the "ae" was combined, i.e. joined together. Q. puffin A. northern diving bird, having a black and white plumage and a brightly coloured vertically flattened bill, lives in burrows. Q. purgative A. a drug or agent for purging (emptying) the bowels. Q. quarters of grayne A. The old quarter of grain was 3lbs 8ozs, the more modern and better known quarter is 28lbs. (quarter of a hundred-weight (cwt.)) Q. Quatrefoil A. (in achitechture) a carved ornament having four foils arranged about a common centre. Q. Querns Querns and stone instruments A. Millstones used for grinding grain etc.. Q. Riding ??? A. From the old English word thriding = a third part. Yorkshire is/ was divided into Three Ridings, East Riding, North Riding and West Riding. Originally from the Norse word 'thrithing'. Q. riding-house A. ? The entrance is directly out of the street for coaches, through a narrow passage into a large riding-house, then through the anti-space of two stables, and so up to the house door. In the hall is an antique basso relievo of a Bacchanalian group. Q. sardonyx A. (a gem stone) a variety of chalcedony with alternating reddish-brown and white parallel bands. (Chalcedony is a form of quartz crystals arranged in parallel fibres). Q. seat A. rural seat = country home. Q. se'night Monday se'night before Christmas-day A. Seven nights (a week) Q. seigniory A. A feudal domain. Also to have power or authority over, as sovereign lord. Q. sepulture A. to do with sepulchres (and the rights thereof); the rights to a tomb(s) Q. sequestrator A. Person who officially appropriates enemy property Context: James Pennyman, Esq in the time of Charles I. raised a troop of horse in support of the royal cause; and to defray the sum of 700L. levied on him for his loyalty by the sequestrators in the civil wars, he was obliged to dispose of a part of his estate at Ormesby, which was sold to Mr. Elwes, for 3,500L. It was re-purchased after divers alienations by the late Sir James Pennyman for 47,500L. Graves. ....... he was on the wrong side and was assessed a penalty. -RL Q. serjeant (various spellings) A. Court or Municipal officer with special duties. A. Military Non-commissioned rank. Q. shew Q. shewed A. Old word for show or showed, "to show ". Q. Shooting-Box A. A shelter, usually on the moorland which provides cover (a screen) for grouse and deer shooters. A hunting lodge or cottage is the accommodation, normally on a private estate, which the shooters (hunters) use during the season. (The "season" being the time of the year the grouse and deer can legally be shot). Q. Sidesman A. an assistant to a churchwarden Q. siever A. one who sieves IBM punched cards :-) (meaning given in the main text!) Q. signalise A. to make noteworthy. Q. sinecure A. Church benefice to which no spiritual charge is attached, i.e. no cure of souls. Context: (under Osmotherley) The prebendaries of Osmotherly being mentioned on the records in the time of Edward I. some have thought this to have been a collegiate church; but it seems rather to have been a rectory, divided into three distinct parts or portions, and it is so rated in the Lincoln taxation. But it was afterwards of [three sinecure portions], and a vicar endowed. Yet in the archbishop's certificate of all hospitals, colleges, &c. anno 37, Henry VIII. there is "the three prebends simpters within the parish church of Osmotherley, the yearly value 18L" -Tanner. ....the definition doesn't get me through this. -RL> ....nor me, but the definition is correct! -CH) Q. soke A. the territorial jurisdiction of a court Q. sprats (sproits) A. a small fish of the herring family Q. stile of dean. A. title of dean. Q. style A. to name, to call, to designate. Q. superannuated scholars (?) A. A person in receipt of superanuation (a pension), privately funded, not normally government assisted. Q. standeth A. modern= stands Q. straggling It is a straggling place A. Scattered, spread out irregularly. (usually lengthwise - the place would have few houses, but all on the road side with a lot of space between them). Q. sulphur Spaw A. sulphur Spa Q. sustenation A. sustenance Q. temp. A. tempore (latin - in the time of) Q. Templar (Knights of) A. A member of a military order (Knights of the Temple of Solomon) founded by Crusaders in Jeruselem around 1118; suppressed in 1312. (See History, - The Crusades - where King Richard was in the time of Robin Hood). Q. tenure in chief for Knight's service the expression ? A. The land holdings, properties etc; a Knight held in return for military service, and the provision of men and arms to the Crown. Q. terrene A. of the earth, worldly, mundane. Q. tesselated. A. A type of coloured tiling, e.g mosaic. Q. thorp, thorpe A. a small group of buildings in the country Q. towne A. Town; a collection of houses larger than a village, smaller than a city. Originally a walled or fortified place. Q. township 2 f.h. 33, which being united form a township A. A civil (non military) division of a parish, which used to be a separate area for levying the poor-rate. It had it's own constable, an earlier term was "Vill". Q. translated in 1714 translated to the see of London A. To bear, carry or move from one place to another (not promoted) Q. trefoil window A. A window of Clover leaf design. Q. trencher A. wooden board on which food was served. Q. tumulus A. A mound, e.g. a grave. Q. twopenny A. Two pence. Q. untoward. A. (in this case) awkward, perverse. Q. upwards - see glossary intro. Q. vapory A. Vaporous, full of vapours. Q. valetudinarian A. a person who is chronically sick. Q. vallum A. a rampart or earthwork (usually Roman). Q. vestigia A. Trace or sign; mark of something that has been. Q. viands A. (singular) a type of food especially a delicacy. A. (plural) provisions (as in food). Q. villeins A. farm servant (slave) Q. Vicar A. A member of the clergy in charge of a parish. Has same ecclesiastical status as a Rector, but can be sacked (fired) - normally the Rector cannot be fired. Q. vicarage A. The benefice of a Vicar, or the residence (HOUSE) in which the vicar lives. Q. village A. A group of houses or cottages, smaller than a town. Q. viz. is this per current usage ? A. Meaning namely, to wit. and read as so. Q. votary A. a devoted adherent to a cause, religion etc. A. a person bound by a vow or promise Q. wapentake A. A sub-division within some of the counties in Northern England. The equivalent in other counties is the "hundred". It is an administrative district. Q. warrant A. To give power, or right to do; legal permission to act. Q. warren a charter of free warren for all his demesne lands A. The right to preserve and hunt in a stated area anything furred (rabbits etc) or feathered (grouse and similar), but not deer or boar. Or an area of land appropriate for breeding and preserving game (e.g. grouse, rabbits etc, or the part of a river or stream for breeding or preserving fish). Q. warrener see coney-warren above A. Keeper of the warren, or coney warren. Q. west-division of A. west part of. Q. Whit-Tuesday Whit-Tuesday, for woollen goods, A. Whitsuntide, a Christian festival seven weeks after Easter. Q. Wolds A. The (only) range of hills in the East Riding of Yorkshire (known as the Yorkshire Wolds). Q. Yorkists A. See English History, - The Wars of the Roses. ============================================================================ Words used in quotes from Leland buildid built castel castle. castelle Castle. caulid called chaynid chained. consystinge consisting courte courtyard cummith comes cumpace circumference est ende east end eche each epperith appears fulle full grayne grain haulle hall Heermite hermit hille hill. larg large. longid belonged. meatly properly or suitably mene ? onely only. origine origin paroche parish praty pretty rennith runs ruinus ruined seme seem sonne son stode stood stondith stands sumtyme sometime tembre timber topp top tumbes tombs tymbre timber tyme time waulle wall woddid wooded ye you yn in This file was last updated 17th May 1996, by Colin Hinson.