From 1697, anyone who received parish relief was required to wear a
badge sewn to their clothes with the letter P – see
Badger.
In some parish registers, a P might be written to identify a
pauper
The word comes from the Middle English word pase
meaning Easter.
See
Pace Egg Play
From the early 19th century, the turnpikes and then the canals
quickly replaced the pack horse trade; a single canal boat could
carry the equivalent of 600 pack horses.
There are several entries here relating to
packhorses:
See
Handspike
It was characterised by the use of the stone tools.
In Britain, the Palæolithic ended around 8000 BC when the ice began
to recede, and was followed by the Mesolithic.
There is no known evidence of Palæolithic occupation in the
Calderdale district
Volunteers were sought and men were encouraged to enlist with people
from their local area.
They were promised that they would serve with the friends, families
and workmates.
These were known as Pals battalion.
The plan was introduced in August 1914 – the Stockbrokers'
Battalion of the City of London.
It spread to other large cities and towns, the battalions having
names such as
The scheme ended on 27th January 1916 when Conscription was
introduced
Peal of bells rung at Elland Parish Church – and elsewhere – on
Shrove Tuesday
There are stock rôles, including
a dame [an old woman, played by a man]
a principal boy [the handsome hero, played by a girl].
The pantomime contains much additional material, such as
popular songs,
topical comedy,
and
audience participation,
and nowadays features some popular figure from the sporting,
pop-music, or TV world.
There have been several local pantomime societies, including
Brighouse Amateur Pantomime Society and
Halifax YMCA Pantomime Society
See
Parchemear and
Roll
There are 7 Parish Councils in Calderdale:
Each Parish Councillor is elected to serve for a period of 4
years.
The Parish Council retires every fourth year
Records of births, marriages, and deaths for a
parish were introduced in England and Wales from
1538
following an order by Thomas Cromwell.
See
FreeREG
It might be given to someone whose disabilities or age prevented them
from going into a workhouse.
See
Indoor-relief,
Out-Relief and
Relief
So-called because they originally met in the Vestry of the church
Sausage pigs were also sold.
It has been suggested that the pigs represent the boar which was
sacred to the Norse gods Freyr and Freya.
The two were worshipped at autumnal festivals
When the Royalists occupied Halifax, many Parliamentarians fled
into Lancashire.
Some local individuals who were on the Parliamentarian side, included
Jeremy Bentley,
Colonel Robert Bradshaw,
John Briercliffe,
Samuel Broadley,
Oliver Cromwell,
Major Eden,
Ferdinando Fairfax,
Thomas Fairfax,
Captain Farrar,
Captain Farrer,
Joseph Fourness,
Captain John Hodgson,
Tobias Law,
Sir Thomas Middleton,
Jonathan Priestley,
Joseph Priestley,
Samuel Priestley,
Colonel John Rosworm,
Joshua Stansfeld,
Nicholas Starkie,
Captain Thomas Taylor,
Henry Tilson and
Joseph Whitley
See
Puritan
Compare primogeniture
Typically, there were 9 (or 30) strokes for a man, 6 (or 20) for a
woman, and 1 (or 10) for a child.
Some churches rang an extra stroke for each year of the deceased's
ages
See
Arable farming
In England, this took the form of
which evolved into the surname
Aunt Branwell was known for wearing these in the
Parsonage at Haworth
See
Paulinus Pilgrim & Heritage Way
Peat made from sphagnum moss is usually on the tops and the
hills, and that from sedges is usually lower down and on the
valley floor.
For this reason, moss peat is often more acidic – having had
nutrients washed out by the rain – whilst that lower down retains the
nutrients.
A peat layer can be from a few inches up to 6 ft in depth.
This was an important source of fuel until the beginning of the 20th
century, and thin slices were occasionally used as a roofing material.
The lord of the manor granted the Right of Turbary,
permitting the cutting of peat, turf and other fuel.
The turf was cut with a fleight spade and stored in a peat house.
See Peat
A Royal Peculiar falls under the personal authority of the
sovereign.
The term Peculiar People was used to denote the Jews
See
Joseph Horrocks and
J. W. Raby
See
King's Hanoverian Army,
Samuel Lister,
Abraham Mather and
George Stansfield
A coarse, woollen fabric.
Similar to a kersey.
It was usually white and measured 1¾ yards in width.
Named for Penistone, near Barnsley, where it was produced in
the 15th century.
By 1706, it was produced in other areas.
See
Old Draperies
Elizabeth I issued coins worth 1½d and ¾d to
simplify giving change – see token.
Around 1644, Charles I introduced unusual denominations of
coins: sevenpence; ninepence; tenpence; elevenpence, and others – as
mentioned in the entry for Shilling
In 1797, Matthew Boulton produced the first machine-made
copper pennies at his factory in Soho, Birmingham.
These featured Britannia with a trident, for the first time.
Before decimalisation, the penny = 1d was equivalent to
1/240th of £1.
After decimalisation, the new penny = 1p = was equivalent to
1/100th of £1.
The value of the pound was unchanged.
The plural is pence when referring to prices,
and pennies when referring to the coins
The fashion store, Peacocks, began as a Penny Bazaar
opened in Warrington in 1884.
Marks & Spencer began as a Penny Bazaar opened by Michael
Marks in Leeds in 1884.
In 1905, there were several
1d Bazaars,
2½d Bazaar,
3½d Bazaars,
and
6½d Bazaars
in Halifax and in the Borough Market
Abbreviated to dwt
The land could then be described by reference to known fixed
objects – such as named houses, buildings, geographical features,
boundary stones and markers – which were encountered on the walk
The work is carried out by a percher
This – along with other shearing frames and the gig mill – put
many croppers out of work and became Luddite targets
It does not include any chattels used at the death of the intestate
for business purposes nor money or securities for money
See
Goods & Chattels and
Inventory
The fee known as St Peter's Pence was an annual fee of 1d per
household which was paid to the Holy See.
Henry VIII abolished it in 1534, but it is still collected
in Catholic churches
See
James Walton
See
Grand Mal
From the 16th century, Petty Sessions were held for specific areas or
divisions of a county
See
High treason and
Misprision of Treason
Burials often took place inside the church.
Early churches did not have fixed pewing, but wooden benches were
used from the 14th century.
In the 17th century, pews appeared.
The seats often faced inwards.
The right to occupy a specific pew was often attached to a property.
Some churches derived income from pew rents – see proprietary church.
The rate was usually higher for those pews nearest the altar.
Some wealthy people rented pews in several churches.
High enclosed boxed pews – often with doors to keep out the
draughts – were introduced in the 18th century and often filled the
nave.
Galleries were introduced to accommodate the growing
population of the 17th/18th century.
The Victorian High Church Movement caused box pews and
galleries to be removed from many churches.
The seating arrangements which we see today date from the late 19th
century.
The clergy were empowered to hire or sell pews, galleries and burial
ground – as at Holy Trinity Church – and provided an income for the
incumbent.
Often pews had carved bench-ends depicting animal or foliage designs
Robert son of John
Robert Johnson
the elders of the church [should] pray over him
the process of determining the bounds of a piece of land by walking
around it