Family of Bela IV + and Maria + LASKARINA

Husband:	Bela IV + (1206-1270)
Wife:	Maria + LASKARINA (1206-1270)
Children:	Kunignuda of HUNGARY (1224-1292)
	Margit of HUNGARY (1226- )
	Anna of HUNGARY (1227-1271)
	Katalin of HUNGARY (1229- )
	Erzsebet of HUNGARY (1236- )
	Konstancia of HUNGARY (1237- )
	Ilona of HUNGARY (1238- )
	Stephen V + (1239-1272)
	Bela of HUNGARY (1243-1269)
	Szabina of HUNGARY (1245-1280)
Marriage	1218

Husband: Bela IV +

Wife: Maria + LASKARINA

Name:	Maria + LASKARINA
Sex:	Female
Father:	Theodore I + LASKARIS (1175- )
Mother:	Anna + ANGELINA Komnene (1176-1212)
Birth	1206	Nicea, Bithynia, Turkey
Occupation		Queen Consort of Hungary
Title	frm 1235 to 1270 (age 28-64)	Queen Consort of Hungary
Death	1270 (age 63-64)

Child 1: Kunignuda of HUNGARY

Name:	Kunignuda of HUNGARY
Sex:	Female
Spouse:	Boleslaw V (c. 1229- )
Birth	5 Mar 1224
Death	24 Jul 1292 (age 68)

Child 2: Margit of HUNGARY

Name:	Margit of HUNGARY
Sex:	Female
Birth	1226

Child 3: Anna of HUNGARY

Name:	Anna of HUNGARY
Sex:	Female
Spouse:	Rostislav of MACVA (c. 1225- )
Birth	1227
Death	3 Jul 1271 (age 43-44)

Child 4: Katalin of HUNGARY

Name:	Katalin of HUNGARY
Sex:	Female
Birth	1229

Child 5: Erzsebet of HUNGARY

Name:	Erzsebet of HUNGARY
Sex:	Female
Birth	1236

Child 6: Konstancia of HUNGARY

Name:	Konstancia of HUNGARY
Sex:	Female
Birth	1237

Child 7: Ilona of HUNGARY

Name:	Ilona of HUNGARY
Sex:	Female
Birth	1238

Child 8: Stephen V +

Name:	Stephen V +
Sex:	Male
Spouse:	Elizabeth + (1240-1290)
Birth	18 Oct 1239	Buda, Hungary
Occupation		King of Hungary
Title	frm 1270 to 1272 (age 30-33)	King of Hungary
Death	6 Aug 1272 (age 32)	Csepel Island, Hungary
Burial		Dominican Church, Margaret Island

Child 9: Bela of HUNGARY

Name:	Bela of HUNGARY
Sex:	Male
Birth	1243
Death	1269 (age 25-26)

Child 10: Szabina of HUNGARY

Name:	Szabina of HUNGARY
Sex:	Female
Birth	1245
Death	1280 (age 34-35)

Note on Husband: Bela IV +

Béla IV (Hungarian: IV. Béla, Slovak: IV. Belo) (29 November 1206 – 3 May 1270), King of Hungary[1] (1235–70) and of Croatia (1235–70), duke of Styria 1254–58. One of the most famous kings of Hungary, he distinguished himself through his policy of strengthening of the royal power following the example of his grand father Bela III, and by the rebuilding Hungary after the catastrophe of the Mongolian invasion in 1241. For this reason he was called by the Hungarians "the second founder of our country".

 

Early lifeBéla was the eldest son of King Andrew II of Hungary and his first wife, Gertrude of Merania. Upon Pope Innocent III's request, the ecclesiastic and temporal dignitaries of the Kingdom of Hungary took an oath before his birth that they would accept him as his father's successor.

 

The infant Béla was probably present when a group of conspirators murdered his mother on 28 September 1213. Following the murder, his father ordered only the execution of the conspirators' leader and forgave the other members of the group, which resulted in Béla's emerging antipathy against his father.

 

In the beginning of 1214, Béla was engaged to a daughter of Tzar Boril of Bulgaria. Shortly afterwards, he was crowned junior king. When his father left for a Crusade in August 1217, his maternal uncle, Archbishop Berthold of Kalocsa took Béla to the fortress of Steyr in Styria and he returned to Hungary one year later, following his father's return from the Holy Land.

 

Rex iuniorIn 1220, Béla married Maria Laskarina, a daughter of the Emperor Theodore I Laskaris of Nicaea and his father entrusted him with the government of Slavonia. However, King Andrew II, who had arranged Béla's marriage during his return from the Crusade, persuaded Béla to separate from his wife in 1222. Pope Honorius III, however, denied to declare their marriage null and void; therefore Béla took back his wife and escaped to Austria fearing his father's anger. Finally, King Andrew II made an agreement with his son with the mediation of the Pope and Béla took over again the government of Slavonia, Dalmatia and Croatia.

 

As governor, Béla began, with the authorization of the Pope, to take back the royal domains that King Andrew II had granted to his partisans during the first half of his reign. He laid siege to Klis, the fortress of a turbulent Croatian baron who had to surrender.

 

In 1226, his father entrusted him with the government of Transylvania where he assisted the missionary work of the Blackfriars among the Cuman tribes who settled down in the territories west of the Dniester River. As a result of their missionary work, two chieftains of the Cumans, Bartz and Membrok were baptized and they acknowledged Béla's overlordship around 1228. In the meantime, Béla began to organise the Banat of Szörény, a march of the kingdom.

 

In 1228, he began to revise his father's "needless and fruitless" donations in the whole territory of the kingdom with the authorisation of his father. However, his military failure in Halych, when assisting his younger brother, Andrew, weakened his influence and King Andrew II put an end to the revision of his former donations. During the early 1230s, Béla took part in the military expeditions of his father against Halych and Austria.

 

His relation with his father became even worse when King Andrew II married, on 14 May 1234, Beatrice D'Este, who was thirty years his junior.

 

[edit] The first years of his reignWhen his father died on 21 September 1235, Béla ascended the throne without any opposition and Archbishop Robert of Esztergom crowned him on 14 October in Székesfehérvár. Shortly afterwards, he accused his young stepmother and his father's main advisor, Denis, Apud's son of adultery and ordered their arrest.

 

Béla's main purpose was to restore the royal power that had weakened during his father's rule; e.g., he ordered the burning of his advisors' seats, because he wanted to force them to stand in the presence of the king. As he also wanted to strengthen the position of the towns, he confirmed the charter of Székesfehérvár and granted new privileges to several key towns in the kingdom (Pest, Trnava, Banská Štiavnica, Krupina, Zvolen, Starý Tekov, and Esztergom).[2]

 

He sent Friar Julian to find the Magyar tribes who had remained in their eastern homeland. Friar Julian, after meeting with the eastern Magyars returned to Hungary in 1239 and informed Béla of the planned Mongol invasion of Europe. Béla wanted to take precautions against the Mongols; therefore he granted asylum, in Hungary, to the Cumans who had been defeated by the Mongols. However, the nomadic culture of the Cumans caused tensions between them and the Hungarians which became more and more acute.

 

Béla tried to reinforce the eastern borders of his kingdom, but the Mongol troops, led by Batu Khan, managed to break through the frontier defenses on 12 March 1241. On hearing of the Mongols' successful attack, the citizens of Pest, who had been accusing the Cumans of cooperating with the Mongols, murdered Köten, the Khan of the Cumans; therefore the enraged Cumans began to plunder the countryside and they left the country.

 

[edit] The Mongol invasion of Hungary (tatárjárás)

Béla IV flees from Mohi, detail from Chronicon PictumAfter the Cumans' departure, Béla could lead only a small army against the Mongols who defeated him in the Battle of Mohi on 11 April 1241. After his disastrous defeat, Béla fled to Pozsony and then to Hainburg where Duke Frederick II of Austria seized his treasury and enforced him to cede three western counties of his kingdom to Austria.

 

Béla fled from Hainburg to Zagreb and he sent his envoys to the Emperor Frederick II and Pope Gregory IX to seek their assistance against the Mongols. He even offered to accept the overlordship of the Holy Roman Emperor in case he sent troops to Hungary, but none of the Western powers provided him any assistance.

 

In the meantime, the Mongols were plundering the territories of the kingdom west of the Danube River. Moreover, in January, they could cross the frozen Danube and Béla had to flee from the Mongol troops, the khan sent to capture him into Croatia. Tatars under the leadership of Kadan believed that the king was hiding in the Klis Fortress. They attacked it in March 1242, and experienced a major failure. But when they learnt that the king was not there, they abandoned their attack on the fortress, and ascending their mounts rode of in the direction of Trogir. All the same, number of them turned toward Split.

 

The Mongols attacked the Dalmatian cities for the next few years but eventually withdrew without major success, as the mountainous terrain and distance were not suitable for Mongol warfare. After failure against Croatian soldiers, Mongols retreated and Béla IV awarded Croatian towns and nobility. Anyway, much of Hungary and Croatia was plundered by the Mongols, but without any major military success.

 

[edit] The "Second Founder of our Country"Following the Mongol invasion of Hungary, Béla broke with his former internal policy. Based on the experiences of the occupation, he began to grant estates to his partisans, but simultaneously he also obliged them to build up fortresses there, because only fortresses could resist the conquerors. He also encouraged the towns to protect themselves by erecting walls. He called back the Cumans to Hungary and granted them the deserted territories between the Rivers Danube and Tisza.

 

Because of his successful internal policy, he is greatly respected in Hungary and commonly known as "the second founder" of the kingdom.

 

[edit] External expansionsAlready in 1242, he could lead his troops against Duke Frederick II of Austria. During his campaign, he managed to reoccupy Sopron and Koszeg and he compelled the duke to renounce the three counties he had occupied during the Mongol invasion.

 

On 30 June 1244, Béla made a peace with the Republic of Venice and he surrendered his supremacy over Zadar (then called Zara) but he retained the 1/3 of the Dalmatian city's revenues of customs. In 1245, Béla provided military assistance to his son-in-law, Prince Rostislav against Prince Danylo of Halych, but the latter forced back the pretender's attacks.

 

Upon his request, Pope Gregory IX absolved Béla of his oath he had taken to the Holy Roman Emperor during the Mongol invasion on 21 August 1245. Shortly afterwards, Duke Frederick II of Austria, who did not give up his claims to the western counties of the Kingdom of Hungary, launched an attack against Hungary. Although, he could defeat the Hungarian troops in a battle by the Leitha River, but he died in the battle. With his death, the male line of the House of Babenberg became extinct, and a struggle commenced for the rule over Austria and Styria.

 

Béla granted the Banat of Szörény to the Knights Hospitaller in 1249, when a rumour was spreading that the Mongols were preparing a new campaign against Europe. In the same year, he assisted again his son-in-law against Halych, but Prince Danylo defeated his troops by the San River. Finally, Béla decided to make an agreement with the Prince of Halych and they had a meeting in Zólyom in 1250 where Béla promised that he would not assist his son-in-law against Prince Danylo.

 

Béla decided to intervene in the struggle for the inheritance of the House of Babenberg and arranged a marriage between Gertrude of Austria, the niece of the deceased Duke Frederick II of Austria, and Roman Danylovich, a son of Prince Danylo of Halych. In 1252, he led his armies against Austria and occupied the Vienna Basin. However, King Ottokar II of Bohemia, whose wife was Margaret, the sister of Duke Frederick II, also declared his claim to the two duchies. Béla made a campaign against Moravia but he could not occupy Olomouc; therefore he started negotiating with the King of Bohemia with the mediation of the Papal legates. Finally, Béla had a meeting with King Ottokar II in Pozsony and they concluded a peace. Based on the provision of the peace Wiener Neustadt and the Duchy of Styria came under Béla's rule.

 

[edit] Struggles with his sonBéla had had his eldest son, Stephen crowned junior king already in 1246, but he did not want to share the royal power with his son. However, Stephen recruited an army against his father and persuaded Béla to cede him the government of Transylvania in 1258.

 

In the same year, the Styrians, who would have preferred the rule of the King of Bohemia, rose against Béla's reign, but his troops suppressed their rebellion. After his victory, Béla appointed his son to Duke of Styria. Nevertheless, the Styrians rebelled against the rule of the King of Hungary again with the support of King Otakar II. Béla and his son commenced a military campaign against King Otakar II's lands, but their troops were defeated on 12 July 1260 in the Battle of Kressenbrunn. Following the battle, Béla renounced his claim to the Duchy of Styria on behalf of the King of Bohemia in the Peace of Pressburg.

 

Shortly after the peace, Stephen took over again the government of Transylvania. Béla and his son jointly led their armies against Bulgaria in 1261. Nevertheless, Béla favoured his younger son, Duke Béla and his daughter, Anna, the mother-in-law of the King of Bohemia; therefore his relationship with his elder son was getting tense. The two kings (father and son) began to harass the other's partisans, and their clash seemed inevitable. Finally, the Archbishops Fülöp of Esztergom and Smaragd of Kalocsa commenced to mediate between them and the two kings signed an agreement in the summer of 1262 in Bratislava. Based on the agreement, Stephen V took over the government of the parts of the Kingdom East of the Danube.

 

However, their reconciliation was only temporary, because their partisans were continuously inciting them against each other. In 1264, the junior king attached his mother's and sister's estates in his domains. Béla sent troops against his son, whose wife and son were soon captured, while Stephen had to retreat to the Castle of Codlea. However, the young king managed to repel the siege of his father's troops and to commence a counter-attack. Stephen V won a strategic victory over Béla's troops in the Battle of Isaszeg in March 1265 and in the subsequent peace Béla was obliged to cede the government of the Eastern parts of his kingdom again to his son. On 23 March 1266, they confirmed personally the peace in the Convent of the Blessed Virgin on the Nyulak szigete ('Rabbits' Island').

 

In 1267, the "prelates and nobles" of the Kingdom of Hungary held a joint assembly in Esztergom, and their decisions were confirmed by both Béla and his son.

 

[edit] His last yearsBéla lost his favourite son in the summer of 1269. Afterwards, his favourite daughter, Anna exercised more and more influence over him. In his last will, Béla entrusted his daughter and his followers to her son-in-law, King Otakar II of Bohemia, because he did not trust his son.

Note on Wife: Maria + LASKARINA

Maria Laskarina (c. 1206 – 16 July or 24 June 1270) was a daughter of Theodore I Laskaris and his first wife Anna Angelina.

 

[edit] LifeShe was a younger sister of Irene Lascarina, first Empress consort of John III Doukas Vatatzes. Theodore married his eldest daughter to his designated heir in 1212. Theodore was widowed in the same year and proceeded to marriages with Philippa of Armenia and Marie de Courtenay. However John was never displaced in succession.

 

As a younger daughter, the marriage of Maria was not intended to add a potential husband in the line of succession to the throne. Instead it secured a marital alliance with the Kingdom of Hungary.

 

In 1218, Maria was married to prince Béla of Hungary. Bride and groom were about twelve-years-old. Her husband was the eldest son of Andrew II of Hungary and Gertrude of Merania.

 

Andrew II died on 26 October 1235. The crown prince succeeded him as Béla IV and Maria became his Queen consort. Béla reigned for thirty-five years and died on 3 May 1270. Maria survived him by about two months.

 

[edit] ChildrenMaria and Béla IV of Hungary had ten children:

 

Margaret of Hungary (c. 1220 – 20 April 1242). Married Guillaume de Saint-Omer. Her husband is often listed in genealogies as "Lord of Thebes". However he might be confused with Bela de Saint-Omer, an older brother who held the title jure uxoris.

Saint Kunegunda of Hungary (5 March 1224 – 24 July 1292), also known as Kinga. She was married to King Boleslaus V of Poland, after his death becoming a nun and abbess; she was canonized by Pope John Paul II in 1999.

Anna of Hungary (c. 1226 – after 1270). Married Rostislav of Slavonia.

Catherine of Hungary (c. 1229–1242). She died while fleeing with her family following the Battle of Mohi.

Elizabeth of Hungary (c. 1236 – 24 October 1271). Married Henry XIII, Duke of Bavaria.

Constance of Hungary (c. 1237 – after 1252). Married Leo I of Halych.

Blessed Yolanda of Hungary (c. 1238–1298). Married Boleslaus of Greater Poland. Later became a nun and abbess, who has been declared as a candidate for sainthood.

Stephen V of Hungary (December 1239 – 6 August 1272).

Saint Margaret of Hungary (27 January 1242 – 18 January 1271). Named after an older sister. Canonized by the Roman Catholic Church in 1943, for whom Margaret Island in Budapest is named, having been the place where a royal monastery was established by her parents for her.

Béla, Duke of Slavonia, Croatia and Dalmatia (c. 1243–1269). Married Kunigunde of Brandenburg, a daughter of Otto III, Margrave of Brandenburg. His widow married Waleran IV of Limburg.