Richard De Clifford Lord of Frampton
Alias:<ALIA> Lord of /Severn/
Maurice Fitz Harding King of England
Alias:<ALIA> The Make /Peace/
Assumed the surname of his deposed father-in-law. Justice Itinerant of
Gloucester--Office held 1190
Alice Berkeley, heiress to Roger de Berkeley, married, at the instigation
ofKing Henry II, Maurice son of Robert FitzHarding, son of Harding,
called Robert Lord Berkeley, and his wife, Eva, daughter of Estmond, Earl
of Mercia, andhis wife, Godiva, sister of William the Conqueror. One
source shows the grandfather of Maurice as Eadnoth, a wealthy merchant of
Bristol. Alice founded the religious house called Magdalen's, near
Bristol, and was its patroness; dying in March 12, 1170-71, she was
buried beside her husband, between the stalls of the Abbot and the Prior.
He founded the Abbey of St. Augustine's in Bristol, and dying, February
5, 1170-71 (one source has the death as June 11, 1190), was buried in the
quire thereof. He is supposed to have been a canon inthe Abbey. This
Robert FitzHarding was conferred, for his attachment to the Empress Maud,
the lordship of Berkeley and Berkeley-Hernesse, the confiscated
possessions of the above Roger de Berkeley, the adherent to King Stephen;
but, to reconcile the parties, King Henry, who had restored to Roger his
manorand castle of Dursley, caused an agreement to be concluded between
them thatthe heiress of the ousted lord should be given in marriage to
the heir of the new baron; and thus passed the feudal castle of Berkeley
to another chief,Maurice, who assumed the surname of Berkeley and became
the feudal lord of Berkeley upon the death of his brother, Henry. He was
the first of his family to dwell in the Berkeley Castle. He fortified the
castle and founded two hospitals, one at Lowring between Berkeley and
Dursley, and that at Longbridge tothe north of Berkeley, dedicated to
the Holy Trinity. He was born in 1120.
Alias:<ALIA> The /Rebellious/
Robert de Berkeley, who, in the turbulent timesof King John, forfeited
his castle and lands by his participation in the rebellious proceedings
of the barons, but upon submission, and paying the king afine of 1,000
pounds had livery of his lands, and had all restored except thecastle
and town of Berkeley, in the 1st year of King Henry III Robert married
(1) Julianna, daughter of William de Pontlarch and niece to the great
Earl of Pembroke, Earl Marshal of England and afterwards Protector of
King HenryIII; (2) Luci, who afterwards married Hugh de Gournay. He died
May 13, 1219,without issue from either marriage, and was succeeded by
his brother, Thomas.
Henry de Berkeley, with his brother, Richard, accompanied William, King
of Scotland, into that country when he returned from being a prisoner in
England,became the ancestors of many eminent families in Scotland,
France, and Ireland.
William I De Macon Count of Burgundy
Alias:<ALIA> The /Great/
Count of Vienna, Burgundy, Macon; Lord of Salms[91502.ftw]
Count of Vienna, Burgundy, Macon; Lord of Salms
Alias:<ALIA> /Stephanie/
"This Robert was a Norman by birth, of obscure origin, with an
overbearing character and a thoroughly villainous mind; he was a brave
fighter, very cunning in his assaults on the wealth and power of great
men; in achieving his aimsabsolutely inexorable, diverting criticism by
incontrovertible argument. Hewas a man of immense stature, surpassing
even the biggest men; he had a ruddycomplexion, fair hair, broad
shoulders, eyes that all but shot out sparks offire. . . Homer remarked
of Achilles that when he shouted his hearers had the impression of a
multitude in uproar, but Robert's bellow, so they say, puttens of
thousands to flight." The Alexiad, I, ii
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Robert, byname ROBERT GUISCARD, or ROBERT DE HAUTEVILLE, Italian ROBERTO
GUISCARDO, or ROBERTO D'ALTAVILLA (b. c. 1015, Normandy [France]--d. July
17, 1085, near Cephalonia, Greece, Byzantine Empire), Norman adventurer
who settled in Apulia, in southern Italy, about 1047 and became duke of
Apulia (1059). He eventually extended Norman rule over Naples, Calabria,
and Sicily and laid the foundations of the Kingdom of Sicily.
Arrival in Apulia
Robert was born into a family of knights. Arriving in Apulia, in southern
Italy, around 1047 to join his half brother Drogo, he found that it and
Campania, though they were southern Italy's most flourishing regions,
were plagued by political disturbances. These regions attracted hordes of
fortune-seeking Normanimmigrants, who were to transform the political
role of both regions in the following decades.
In Campania, the Lombards of Capua were launching wars against the
Byzantine dukes of Naples in order to gain possession of that important
seaport. In Apulia, William ("Iron Arm") de Hauteville, Robert's eldest
half brother, having successfully defeated the Byzantine Greeks who
controlledthat region, had been elected count of Apulia in 1042. In 1046
he had been succeeded by his brother Drogo.
When Robert joined his brothers, they sent himto Calabria to attack
Byzantine territory. He began his campaign by pillagingthe countryside
and ransoming its people. In 1053, at the head of the combined forces of
Normans from Apulia and Campania, he defeated the haphazardly led forces
of the Byzantines, the Lombards, and the papacy at Civitate. Becauseof
the deaths of William and Drogo and of his third half brother, Count
Humphrey, in 1057, Robert returned to Apulia to seize control from
Humphrey's sons and save the region from disgregating internal conflicts.
After becomingthe recognized leader of the Apulian Normans, Robert
resumed his campaign inCalabria. His brother Roger's arrival from
Normandy enabled him to extend andsolidify his conquests in Apulia.
In his progression from gang leader to commander of mercenary troops to
conqueror, Robert emerged as a shrewd and perspicacious political figure.
In 1059 he entered into a concordat at Melfi with Pope Nicholas II. Until
that time the papacy had been hostile toward the Normans, considering
them to be an anarchist force that upset the political structure in
southern Italy--a structure based on a balance of power between the
Byzantines and the Lombards of northern Italy. The schism that took place
between the Greek and Latin churches in 1054 worsened the relations
between theByzantine emperors and the papacy, and eventually the papacy
realized that Norman conquests over the Byzantines could work to its
advantage. Robert's planto expel the Arabs from Sicily and restore
Christianity to the island also found favour in Nicholas' eyes. This
expedition into Sicily got under way in 1060, as soon as the conquest of
Calabria was completed. Robert entrusted thecommand of the expedition to
his brother Roger, but on particularly difficultoccasions--e.g., the
siege of Palermo in 1071--he came to his brother's aid.
Until this time, Robert's relations with Roger