Mary (Weed) Smith's gravestone - Find-A-Grave photo posted by 'the moo'
By Jared L. Olar
August 2019
Among my wife's ancestors was Richard Smith (c.1583-c.1670) of Wethersfield, Connecticut. The occupational surname of "Smith," of course, is well known to be one of the most common English surnames. Of this family's origins, all that can be certainly said is that, like most English Smith families, they likely were descended from a family of blacksmiths in England. As discussed below, genealogists in the past attempted to attach Richard Smith to a family of Smiths from Stratford-upon-Avon, but more recently that hypothesis has been shown to be erroneous. Since we know nothing of Richard Smith's ancestors, we here present our line of descent from him.
1. RICHARD SMITH SR., parentage and ancestry unknown, born circa 1583 in England (probably Leicestershire), died after 1669 in Wethersfield, Hartford County, Connecticut. Richard was one of the earliest settlers of Wethersfield -- the first time he appears on record is as a settler in Wethersfield in 1648, having probably arrived there by 1646. On the other hand, in 1648 a Richard Smith came from Martha's Vineyard to Wethersfield in his own vessel -- that is likely to be our Richard Smith Sr. Donald Lines Jacobus did early work on our Richard Smith, identifying his wife in his study, "Richard Smith of Wethersfield," published in The American Genealogist, Vol. 25, No. 1, Jan. 1949, pages 126-139). In the past Richard's parents were identified as John Smith and Alice Walker, John coming of a Smith family of Stratford-upon-Avon -- see Roderick Bissell Jones's study, "The English Ancestry of Richard Smith of Wethersfield," published in The New England Historical and Genealogical Register (April 1974) 128:136-139, which identified our Richard Smith as the man of that name who was baptised 16 Nov. 1585 at Stratford-on-Avon in County Warwick (William Shakespeare's hometown). However, in 1989 Gale Ione Harris revisited the question of our Richard Smith's parentage in her thorough study, "The Doubtful English Ancestry of Richard Smith of Wethersfield, Connecticut," published in The New England Historical and Genealogical Register (July 1989) 143:244. Harris' conclusion is that the Stratford-on-Avon hypothesis is false and that Richard Smith's parentage and ancestry are unknown. As for Richard's date of birth, we have two pieces of data that point to the 1580s. One reference from 1669 gives Richard's then age as "above 80 y" (misread by Jacobus in 1949 as "come 80 years," but correctly read by Harris in her 1989 study). A second reference, dated 2 Feb 1667, is from the "Medical Records of John Winthrop," in which Winthrop gives Richard's then age as "about 84 years." That places Richard's birth about 1583.
On 13 Feb. 1616 in Husbands Bosworth, Leicestershire, England, Richard married REBECCA BUSWELL, baptised 23 April 1595 in Husbands Bosworth, Leicestershire, England, died after 12 Oct. 1668 in Wethersfield, Hartford County, Connecticut, daughter of Roger and Margaret Buswell (see Neil D. Thompson's study "Isaac Buswell and Rebecca (Buswell) Smith of Husbands Bosworth, Co. Leicester, and New England," published in The New England Historical and Genealogical Register (Jan. 2004) 158:38). Richard and Rebecca had three sons and five daughters, all born in Husbands Bosworth, Leicestershire.
As a Connecticut colonist, Richard Smith served on juries in Hartford on 15 May 1650 and 5 Sept. 1650. On 14 May 1651 in Hartford, Richard filed a slander lawsuit against George Woollcott and his wife: "Richard Smith plt Contra Georg Woollcott and his wife defendts in an Action of Slaunder to the damage of 100£. In the Action betweene Rich: Smith plt and Geo: Woolcott and his wife defendts the Jury findes for the plt damages 28£ and Costs of Courte: Execution dd the 22th of July 1651. A few years later, on 26 Aug. 1657 in Hartford, Richard Smith gave his consent for his daughter Abigail to married John Adams. Then in the following year, "Richd Smith Sen." was one of the signatories of the August 1658 "Petition from several of the inhabitants of Wethersfeild." Finally, in the medical journals of John Winthrop Jr., we find that Winthrop treated "Smith, Richard Sen." on 5 Dec. 1658.
The dates of death of Richard and his wife Rebecca are unknown, but they lived out their lives in Wethersfield, and it is known that Rebecca was still alive on 12 Oct. 1668 and Richard was still alive the following year.
The children of Richard and Rebecca Smith were:
2. RICHARD SMITH JR., baptised 1 Jan. 1617 in Husbands Bosworth, Leicestershire, England.
-- SUSANNA SMITH, baptised 30 May 1619 in Husbands Bosworth, Leicestershire, England, died 30 Nov. 1692 in Wethersfield, Hartford County, Connecticut, married Thomas Standish.
-- ANNE SMITH, baptised 24 Feb. 1622 in Husbands Bosworth, Leicestershire, England, probably died young.
-- JOSEPH SMITH, baptised 25 Dec. 1625 in Husbands Bosworth, Leicestershire, England, died circa July 1673 in Rocky Hill, Hartford County, Connecticut, married Lydia Wright.
-- MARY SMITH, baptised 11 Dec. 1630 in Husbands Bosworth, Leicestershire, England, died 30 Nov. 1692 in Wethersfield, Hartford County, Connecticut, married three times.
-- REBECCA SMITH, baptised 11 Dec. 1630 in Husbands Bosworth, Leicestershire, England, probably died young.
-- JONATHAN SMITH, baptised 4 Oct. 1635 in Husbands Bosworth, Leicestershire, England, died 24 April 1711 in Portland, Middlesex County, Connecticut, married twice.
-- ABIGAIL SMITH, baptised 21 Jan. 1638 in Husbands Bosworth, Leicestershire, England, died after 2 April 1689 in Huntington, Suffolk County, New York, married twice.
2. RICHARD SMITH JR., son of Richard and Rebecca Smith, baptised 1 Jan. 1617 in Husbands Bosworth, Leicestershire, England, died June 1690 in Glastonbury, Hartford County, Connecticut. After the record of his baptism in Leicestershire, Richard Jr. next appears on record in the medical journals of John Winthrop Jr., who on 13 Jan. 1660 in Wethersfield treated "Smith, Rich. Junior his wife ill." Richard married circa 1639 to MARY WEED, born circa 1618 in England, died 7 May 1704 in Glastonbury, Hartford County, Connecticut, parentage unknown. Various online family trees show Mary as either 1) having a brother named John Weed, or 2) being a daughter of a John Weed, or 3) being a daughter of a Jonas Weed and sister of the early Stamford, Connecticut, colonist Jonas Weed (whose daughter Elizabeth Weed was the second wife of John Rockwell). However, while Mary's maiden name suggests that she could have belonged to the same family as Jonas Weed of Stamford, the parentage of Jonas Weed of Stamford is unknown, and none of these online family trees provide any evidence to support their claims of Mary Weed's kinship and parentage. Richard and Mary are known to have had three sons and three daughters.
In his 1660 will, James Boswell (Buswell) referred to Richard as his kinsman and gave him his 165 acres east of the river. In 1664 Richard bought some of James Wright's 150 acres of land. In 1672 our Richard is known to have lived west of the river in Wethersfield. About this time Richard was one of eight men who were each granted 80 acres of land in Nayaug (southern Glastonbury). In 1689, Richard bought John Sherman's 240 acres next to his kinsman James Boswell's land.
In Feb. 1674, a Richard Smith was appointed ferry keeper and taverner in Wethersfield, with the ferry crossing from Wethersfield over to New London Road on the east bank. This appointment as ferry keeper and taverner called on Richard Smith to "give entertainment to strangers and travelers, in the same road, as occasion may serve." At the time there were three Richard Smiths living in Wethersfield, but it is generally thought that our Richard was the one appointed ferry keeper and taverner. Besides that reference, on 17 Feb. 1685 King Charles II granted the town of Wethersfield a patent -- one of the grantees was Richard Smith, "who lived east of the river, was a man of wealth" -- that is, our Richard Smith, who estate inventory shows him to have been prosperous and wealthy.
Richard's will and probate records are transcribed in Charles W. Manwaring's 1904-06 A Digest of the Early Connecticut Probate Records (1:583-586) -- Probate Documents, Vol. VI, 1695 to 1700, page 105 (Vol. V). Most remarkably, Richard's widow and at least one of his sons were unwilling to distribute to their sisters and their sisters' husbands their lawful shares in Richard's estate, refusing to cooperate with the probate court in taking an inventory of Richard's estate. The court then ordered the marshal to enter the Smiths' property and to arrest anyone who attempted to stop them from taking inventory:
Smith, Richard, Wethersfield. An Invt. so far as we can gain, on the Estate of Richard Smith, Deceased June, 1690: Imprimis: Received from Sargnt. John Welles & John Kilbourn, who formerly were desired to take an Inventory of the sd. Smith's Estate by his sons or Widow: To Apparrell; to the whole Moveable Estate in the house, as Brass, all pewter, all Woolen & Lining Cloath, Tackling for carrying on husbandry, Cattle & Sheep; To a Servant, Crop & Saw Mill, provision, etc. But they took noe Accot of Money, wch Accot or Invt. amounted to the sume of £330-00s-00d being the best Accot they can give of their Proceedings.
To 50 acres of Upland by Estimation, with Buildings, 400-00-00
To Land purchased of Thomas Bunce, 240 acrs wth Buildings, 200-00-00
To several parcells of Land, apprissed at 240-00-00
To Land which Samuel Smith possesses, recorded to his Father, & we find no legal conveyance by Record to Samuel Smith, 40-00-00
[Total] 1210-00-00
Wethersfield, the 10th of April, 1691. Pr us: John Chester, Benjamin Churchill.
Court Record, Page 26 -- 5 March, 1690-1: Upon the Petition of John Strickland and Richard Fox in behalf of their wives, daughters of Richard Smith: Whereas, the Widow of Richard Smith of Naubuck & one or more of her sons have refused to give Entrance to the Townsmen of Wethersfield, & would not suffer them to take an Invt. of the Estate of sd. Richard Smith decd, this Court therefore order that the Marshall, with two of the Townsmen of Wethersfield, shall go over to Naubuck & take an Inventory of all Personal & Real Estate & present the same at the next Session of the County Court in Hartford. And if any doe oppose or hinder then in the due Execution of this Order, they are to seize them and bring them to the Common Gaol, there to be secured till the Court be holden at Hartford the 2nd Wednesday of April next. The Clerk of the Court to issue out his warrant for the Attendance of this Order, & to impower the Marshall to take ayd with him for to accomplish the same.
Page 29 -- 21 April, 1691: This Court having severall times by their officer demanded of the widow smith of Naubuck an Inventory of the Estate of Richard Smith deceased, which she hath refused us or at Least neglected to make presentation of the same to the Court, the Court therefore ordered the Marshall, with the Townsmen of Wethersfield, to take an Inventory of the sayd Richard Smith's Estate, & they have now presented an Inventory of the Estate amounting to £1210-00-00, in which there is no account of the crop on the Land or feild, nor what moneys were in the house. This Court accepts of the Inventory so far as it reacheth, & doe distribute the Estate: To the Widow a Third of the real Estate during her natural Life, & a Third of the personall to be to her & her heirs forever; & to the Eldest son a double portion, & to the rest of the Children equal portions; & the Court Grant Adms. to the Widow & her 3 sons, provided they accept thereof & signify the same to the Clarke within Ten days after notice hereof. But if they neglect this, the Court grant Adms. to Richard Fox & John Strickland. The sonns to have their portions in Land, provided they pay their Sisters their portions in good and currant pay of the country, or out of the Estate as Inventoried, In which the daughters have their just proportions. But if the sons neglect to doe this, the daughters to take their portions in Land, so much as shall be found wanting to make up their portions in other Estate. As also what portions any of the Children have received of their father formerly, & made to appear, it is to be added to the Inventory & accounted in the distribution.
Page 112-13 (Vol. VI):
Invt. of Richard Smith's Estate, who Died June, 1690. Invt. £590-00-00. Taken 2 March, 1698, by Jonathan Smith, Samuel Hale Jr., John Kilbourn & John Welles. Personal: Inventory not footed. Inventory in Lands as followeth:
His Lott bought of James Wright, £40-s00-00d
His Lott bought of Robert Rose, 45-00-00
The Lott he had of James Boswell, 180-00-00
The Lott purchased of Thomas Bunce, 145-00-00
His House with the Building upon it, 180-00-00
[Total] 590-00-00
In the year 1680 I, Richard Smith of Wethersfield, stricken in years and finding myself weake in body, thinke it meet and convenient to settle that little Matter which the Lord graciously hath given me in the World. Item. I give and bequeath to my wife 1 yoke of Oxen, to be sold for Money by my son Joseph Smith and the Mony delivered to my wife. Also she shall have two Cows, and my sons Joseph and Benjamin shall take care of and keep or maintain sd. Cows for sumer pastureing and winter fodder, or two other, during her life. I give to my wife one bed, the best now in my house, with whatever else belongs to it, to her and her heirs forever. I give to my wife the use and whole dispose of one of the rooms of my house, with the use of the seller chambers, during her natural Life, to be kept in repair so it may be comfortable for her. I give her what little mony I have in my hands (and) £15 in good Country pay, to be paid by my sons, Samuel, Joseph and Benjamin, equally. I give to my son Samuel my proportion of Land wch is on the East side of the great river wch ly in Comon undivided, wch was purchased by the towne In general of the Indians. Also, one-third part of a grant of Land given to Samuell Martin, all wch parcells of Land I give to my son Samuel Smith, to him and his heirs forever. I give to my son Joseph Smith that Lott which I bought of James Wright, abutting on the great river west, and north on Land belonging to Samuel Wells, and on the south upon Land belonging to James Wright, running east three miles. I give to my son Joseph one peice of Land I bought of Thomas Bunce. Also I give to my son Joseph one-third part of a peice of Land I bought of Samuel Martin. I give to my son Benjamin Smith my 50-acre Lott wch my dwelling house now standeth on, wth all my houseing thereon standing, that is to say, dwelling house, outhouseing, barnes, gardings, and Orchards. I give to my son Benja. Smith one parcell of Land lying on the east side of river, wch Land is forty rods, sides lying on the south side of Mr. Samuel Willis his Land, and on the north side of that Land before given to son Joseph, wch Land runneth to the upland. I give to my son Benja. Smith that devition of upland from the fence East ward to the highway, wch is the Country highway. I say the devition to the highway of both lotts, that of ffifty and that of forty. And the remainder of these two Lotts be devided equally between my sons Joseph Smith & Benja. Smith, except what I shall give to my son-in-Law Richd. Fox and John Strickland. I give to my son Benja. Smith one-third of that parcell of Land I bought of Samll Martin, to him and his heirs forever. I give to my son Joseph Smith what mony I have comeing to me in the bay, and also what time I have in the boy which liveth with me now, Thomas Buck. [Note: the inventory shows Thomas Buck had served four years, valued at £10, which indicates Buck was about 17 years old ]. Item. Besides what I have already given to my daughter Hester Strickland in Brass & Pewter & Bedding and all other necessary Household Stuffe, and Cows & Swine, and what Mony I paid Blackleach, I say I give to my son-in-Law John Strickland the House wch he now liveth in, during the time of his natural life, wth also 4 acres of Land during the time of his natural life, and after his decease to return to his wife. I give to my daughter Beriah Fox, the wife of Richard Fox, in Pewter, Brass & Bedding and other Houseing Stuffe, and Cows & Swine, I give to my son-in-law Richard Fox 6 acres of Upland lying in a place called by the name of Simmon's Plaine, next to Samuel Welles. I give to my daughter Bethia, the wife of Joshua Stoddar, besides what I have given and delivered to my daughter Bethia, as Cows & Brass & Pewter, Bedding & all other Houseing Stuffe, I say I give my son-in-Law Joshua Stoddar 2 Steers of one year old and the advantage. I make my wife Mary Smith and my son Joseph Smith sole Executors, and entreat Mr. Gershom Bulkeley and Samuel Steele to be ye Overseers.
RICHD. SMITH.
Witness: Samuel Steele.
A Prerogative Court for Probate of Wills and granting Administrations:
Page 87 -- 7 March, 1698-9: The Last Will and Testament of Mr. Richard Smith, late of Glastonbury decd, was exhibited in Court wth the Testator's name affixed to it and Lieut. Samuell Steele as a witness. Samuell, Joseph and Benja. Smith, sons of the decd, made oath that they verily thought it to be their father's will, and they know no fraud therein, etc. The Court do accept it as a will and Order it to be recorded. An Inventory of his Estate was also presented & (oath) made thereto by the Relict before Mr. Kimberly, Justice of the Peace. Ordered to be Recorded. The Relict and Joseph Smith being made Executors by the Will, they do accept of the trust."
Richard's widow Mary survived him by 17 years, dying 7 May 1704 in Glastonbury and being interred in Green Cemetery, Glastonbury, where Richard presumably had been buried in 1690 (though Richard's gravestone is no longer extant.) The inscription on Mary's gravestone reads, "HEARE LYETH THE BODY OF MARY SMITH YE WIFE OF RICHARD SMITH SEANER WHO DYED ABOUT THE 86 YEAR OF HUR AGE UPON THE 7 DAY OF MAY 1704."
Mary (Weed) Smith's gravestone - Find-A-Grave photo posted by 'the moo'
The known children of Richard and Mary Smith were:
-- SAMUEL SMITH, born 10 June 1640 in Glastonbury, Hartford County, Connecticut, died 4 Nov. 1732 in Glastonbury, Hartford County, Connecticut, married Jane Tudor.
-- JOSEPH SMITH, born circa 1651 in Glastonbury, Hartford County, Connecticut, died 6 Nov. 1725 in Glastonbury, Hartford County, Connecticut.
-- BENJAMIN SMITH, born circa 1653 in Wethersfield, Hartford County, Connecticut, died 20 Jan. 1730 in Glastonbury, Hartford County, Connecticut, married twice.
-- ESTHER SMITH, born circa 1653 in Glastonbury, Hartford County, Connecticut, died before 1725 in Wethersfield, Hartford County, Connecticut, married John Strickland.
3. BERIAH SMITH, born circa 1657 probably in New London, New London County, Connecticut.
-- BETHIA SMITH, born circa 1660 in Wethersfield, Hartford County, Connecticut, died April 1725 in Wethersfield, Hartford County, Connecticut, married Joshua Stoddard.
3. BERIAH SMITH, daughter of Richard and Mary Smith, born circa 1657 probably in New London, New London County, Connecticut, died 1727 before 31 July probably in Glastonbury, Hartford County, Connecticut. Beriah first appears on record in the medical journals of John Winthrop Jr., who in 1663 treated Beriah, then age 6. At some point prior to 1677, probably in Glastonbury, Hartford County, Connecticut, Beriah married RICHARD FOX, born before 1652 (reportedly circa 1641) probably in Connecticut, died 19 March 1709 in Glastonbury, Hartford County, Connecticut, perhaps son of Richard Fox. Richard Fox was an early settler of Wethersfield and Glastonbury in the colony of Connecticut. Richard and Beriah are known to have had five daughters and five sons. William Richard Cutter's 1908 Genealogical and Personal Memoirs Relating to the Families of Boston and Eastern Massachusetts (2:1002), provides the following genealogical details of Richard and Beriah Fox and their children:
"Richard Fox died at Glastonbury, March 19, 1708, aged sixty-seven years. He married Beriah Smith, daughter of Richard Smith of Wethersfield, and she administered the estate. Children: 1. Mary, born 1677, married, February 25, 1695, Henry Goslin. 2. Sarah, born 1678, married, June 1, 1698, Ebenezer Kilborn. 3. Richard, born 1679, married Lydia Colt, daughter of John Colt, of Windsor, and (second) Mary Smith. 4. Eunice, born 1683, married, May 8, 1703, John House. 5. Elizabeth, born 1685. 6. John, born 1688, married Susannah White, of Deerfield. 7. Ebenezer, born 1690, married Elizabeth Arnold, daughter of Henry Arnold, January 2, 1714. 8. Abraham, born 1692, married, January 3, 1717, Dorothy Holish [Hollister]. 9. Dorothy, born 1693, married, April 7, 1714, Samuel Price. 10. Joseph, born August 7, 1696, married, December 6, 1717, Esther Sparks."
Richard made his will on 10 July 1708 in Glastonbury, Connecticut, and died the following year on 19 March 1709. An inventory of his estate was taken on 29 April 1709, valuing his estate at more than 111 pounds. Richard's will and probate records are transcribed in Charles W. Manwaring's 1904-06 A Digest of the Early Connecticut Probate Records (2:62-63) -- Probate Records, Vol. VII, 1700 to 1710, Inventory and Will in Vol. VIII, page 5:
Fox, Richard, Glastonbury. Invt. £111-15-06. Taken 29 April, 1709, by Jonathan Smith, Joseph Smith and Samuel Smith. Will dated 10 July, 1708:
I, Richard Fox, of Glastonbury, husbandman, do make this my last will and testament: Imprs. I give and bequeath to Beriah, my beloved wife, the use of my dwelling house, cellar, orchard and improveable lands during the time of her natural life, and then to return to my sons hereafter named. It. I give to Beriah my wife all my moveables, both within doors and without, for her use and comfort so long as she doth live, and then to dispose of the abovesaid moveables, if any are left, to any or all of her children as she pleaseth. I give to my son Richard Fox 50 acres of land which the Town gave to me, lying in the Great Swamp, which appears by a deed which I gave to him. Ite. I give to my son Ebenezer Fox one-half of my upland joining to my house, namely, the north side of my lot, bounding north upon land belonging to Capt. Wells, east upon John House and west upon Salmon Brook, to him and his heirs forever. It. I give to my son John Fox 25 acres of my land in the Great Swamp which the Town gave to me. If my son John see cause to live on the land, I give it him and his heirs forever; but if the said John Fox will not live upon the land, then the above said 25 acres of land I give to my son Ebenezer Fox and to my son Abraham Fox equally. It. I give to my son Abraham Fox 25 acres in the Great Swamp of land which the Town gave to me. It. I give to my son Joseph Fox the one-half of my land which my dwelling house now stands upon, with the dwelling house, which parcel of land is the south side of my upland and is bounded on the north on land given my son Ebenezer Fox above mentioned, and south upon Joseph Smith Senr his land, and east upon John House his land, and west upon Salmon Brook, which parcel of land and house I give to my son Joseph Fox and his heirs forever.
RICHARD X FOX.
Witness: Benjamin Talcot, Thomas Morly.
Court Record, Page 130-6 June, 1709: Beriah Fox of Glastonbury exhibits an invt. of the estate of her late husband Richard Fox.
Page 132 -- 5 September, 1709: Will exhibited and proven. There being no executor appointed in the will, Adms. is granted to Beriah Fox, widow, with the will annexed.
Page 40 (Vol. VIII) 19 November, 1711: Beriah Fox now exhibits an account of her Adms. Approved, and this Court grant her a Quietus Est.
Beriah survived her husband Richard by 18 years. She died in 1727, and an inventory of her estate was taken on 31 July 1727. Beriah's probate records are transcribed in Charles W. Manwaring's 1904-06 A Digest of the Early Connecticut Probate Records (2:508) -- Probate Records, Vol. X, 1723 to 1729, Inventory on File:
Fox, Beriah, Glastonbury. Invt. £13-12-06. Taken 31 July, 1727, by William Wickham and Gershom Smith.
Court Record, Page 161 -- August, 1727: Adms. granted unto Ebenezer Fox, son of the deceased.
Page 165-3 October, 1727: Ebenezer Fox, Adms., exhibited an account of his Adms. Accepted.
The children of Beriah an Richard Fox were:
-- MARY FOX, born 1677 in Connecticut, married Henry Goslin.
-- SARAH FOX, born 1678 in Connecticut, died 28 Oct. 1714 in Glastonbury, Hartford County, Connecticut, married Ebenezer Kilbourn.
-- RICHARD FOX, born 1679 in Connecticut, married twice.
-- EUNICE FOX, born circa 1683 in Connecticut.
-- ELIZABETH FOX, born 1685 in Connecticut.
-- JOHN FOX, born 1688 in Connecticut, married Susannah White.
-- EBENEZER FOX, born 1690 in Connecticut, died 9 Feb. 1774 in Glastonbury, Hartford County, Connecticut, married Elizabeth Arnold.
-- ABRAHAM FOX, born 1692 in Connecticut, died 4 Feb. 1777 in Glastonbury, Hartford County, Connecticut, married Dorothy Hollister.
-- DOROTHY FOX, born 1693 in Connecticut, died 10 Feb. 1728 in Glastonbury, Hartford County, Connecticut, married Samuel Price.
-- JOSEPH FOX, born 7 Aug. 1696 in Connecticut, died 21 May 1733 in Connecticut, married Esther Sparks.
Smith Genealogy Resources:
FootFamily.com Genealogy Pages: Richard Smith Descendants of Richard Smith We Relate: Richard Smith Richard Smith Hale, House, and related families: mainly of the Connecticut River Valley, 1952.