Y-DNA (37  +  6 additional markers) database including Rurikid and Gediminid princes and also those males who suspect that they descend either from Rurik (the 1^st Russian prince, 9^th century), or from Gedimin (The Grand Duke of Lithuania, 13^th cent.). База У-ДНК хромосомы Рюриковичей и Гедиминовичей. Baza chromosomu Y (Y-DNA) Rurykowiczów i Gedyminowiczów.

Rurikid Dynasty DNA Project http://www.familytreedna.com/public/rurikid/

Contains currently the following surnames, Rurikids : Bariatynski, Belosselsky-Belozersky, Blinov, Bunakov, Czetwertynski, Drucki (Droutskoy), Gagarin, Gorchakov, Khilkov, (Korybut)-Woroniecki, Kropotkin, Kubensky, Kurbatsky (Kurbsky ?), Lobanov-Rostovsky, Lvov, Mozarowski (and variants), Mozhaysky, Myshetsky, Niewmierzycki (and variants), Obolensky, Ossowiecki, Poscharsky, Putyatin, Puzyna, Rostowsky, Rzhevsky, Shahovskoi, Solomin, Szuyski, Tolloczko, Ushakov, Vadbolsky and Volkonsky, and Gediminids : Golitsin (Galitzine), Khovanskii (Chowanski), Chartorisky (Czartoryski), Popiel, Sopocko, Szafkowski (Szatkowski ?), Trubetskoy (Trubecki), Urban(owicz), Svistunov, Cuthie (Jakutowicz), Davidenas (Dawidowicz ?) and Barteit.

However, not all of them were found to be genuine descendants of Rurik or of Gedimin, respectively. Besides, it was discovered that a couple of Volkonsky, Obolensky and Bariatynsky princes belong to Slavic (genetic haplogroup R1a1) branch. However, in another project one of the Volkonsky princes was found to belong to the N1c1 haplogroup and he is well matching other Rurikids. So, we can say that by all means a NPE event occurred in case of some of these princes. Besides, thanks to this, i.e. Rurikid project, we can now say that Rurik was a historical person who was born on the Roslagen seashore (slightly north of Stockholm, Sweden). However, he was of Finno-Ugrian descent (haplogroup N1c1 (earlier described as N3a)). Although all of well matching N1c1 Rurikid princes are descended from Yaroslav Mudry (978 – 1054), it seems that his ancestors including Rurik (b. ab. 820 – 876) himself, also belonged to this haplogroup. A group of Swedes, whose ancestors lived in or close to Uppsala, and whose genetic haplotypes are very close to these of the Rurikids, seems to be confirming the theory that Rurik, in fact, originated from Sweden.

Prince Piotr Szuyski is also of Slavic descent (R1a1). However, he is neither matching the mentioned Volkonskys/Obolenskys, nor he is matching other R1a1 Rurikid princes.

Prince Kropotkin is really descended from Rurik. However, by no means is he descended from the princes of Smolensk. His princely branch needs to be reconsidered again.

Gedimin, the Grand Duke of Lithuania, and Rurik the Viking chieftain and the 1^st Russian prince, were very distant cousins. They shared a common male ancestor ab. 2200 years ago. It is not clear whether the noble Urbanowicz, Jakutowicz and Svistunov (Swistun, Swistunow) families are illegitimate descendants of Gedimin, or if they rather belong to Gediminid branches that were forgotten by genealogists.

Prince Jerzy Czartoryski of Canada decided to have his Y-DNA tested in spite of what historians speculate(d) about the descent of his princely branch. It is believed that his G...Grandmother, the princess Izabella Czartoryska (nee Fleming) had her 1st son with the Rurikid prince Nikolai Vasilievich Repnin, while it was Armand-Louis de Gontaut-Biron, Duc de Lauzun, who fathered the 2nd son, Konstanty, from whom Prince Jerzy descends. Prince Jerzy was found to be descended from a Germanic tribe (R1b1). He can still be descended from the French, since the majority of them are of Germanic origin. What counts here is that Prince Jerzy inherited the title of Prince, as well as family tradition, from his legal ancestors, the Czartoryski princes. On the other hand, however, provided that he really is descended from the Gontaut-Birons, this duly means that he is a genetic descendant of this old French family, which has roots at least as far back as the 12th century.

Prince Stanislaw Antoni Czetwertynski was found to belong to the I2a2 haplogroup. By no means is he descended from Rurik. His genetic haplotype is typical for the native population of the Belarussian-Ukrainian Polissiya region. This can also mean that Prince Tur(e), who founded the dynasty of the Turov-Pinsk princes, wasn’t at all descended from Rurik.

Results on this page are freely available to anyone who wishes to use them for comparative and non-commercial purposes, also provided that a link to this web site is created.

This database can be useful for many males. By using this in a simple way they can check whether they have (or haven’t) descended from Rurik. It was also believed that the Gediminid princes were descended from Rurik on the Polotsk branch. However, the preliminary results do suggest that this is not really so, although Gedimin originated from Baltic Finno-Ugrians.  Another idea would be to create the so-called modal Y-DNA pattern for Rurik, as well as for Gedimin. However, this may be possible later, when some more test results will become available. Nevertheless, the preliminary modal haplotypes for Rurik and Gedimin have been created.

The tests were performed with the Family Tree DNA Co. http://www.familytreedna.com/ in the group program “Rurikid Dynasty DNA Project”. 37 characteristic markers are displayed in columns 1 to 37, respectively. The larger is the number of matching markers, the closer is kinship of the two males. If the markers are not perfectly matching, just for the sake of readability they have been displayed with different colours in reference to the modal haplotypes of Rurik and of Gedimin. The more the background is becoming orange and red, the larger is the positive genetic distance, while the more the background is becoming green and blue, the larger is the negative genetic distance in each of the markers, respectively. This is shown in the label below. However, the (total) genetic distance from either the modal Rurik or Gedimin in all compared markers should not exceed a couple of units. If this is really so, it means that another tested male is their (distant) cousin. This is marked with green (Rurikids, Gediminids), or light green (Proto-Rurikids, Proto-Gediminids). The database also includes a certain number of other people, especially the Finns belonging to the N1c1 haplogroup, which are neither related by blood with Rurik, nor with Gedimin. They have been marked with light blue, and described as being “Distant cousins”. These results are kept in the project for a particular reason : no one still knows from where the ancestors of Rurik arrived in Sweden, as well as from where the ancestors of Gedimin arrived in the Baltic countries (possibly this was Povolzhe in Russia). On the basis of genetic distances, as well as on the basis of WTY (Walk Through the Y chromosome) results, one can now anticipate that the Finno-Karelian (L550-) and others (L550+) (especially those of the Rurikids and Gediminids) separated already in Siberia ab. 4500 – 6000 years ago. However, these tests are by no means completed to the point that one can make any final conclusion here.

Mutation rates in markers marked with pink background are larger (0.003 to 0.005), and those marked with violet background are extremely large (above 0.005) compared with an average mutation rate (which is something like 0.0024). However, in the so-called genetic calculator one can also use different mutation rates in each of the marker panels. Estimated more precisely by the FTDNA Co., the average mutation rates are as follows : 0.00399 (markers 1 – 12), 0.00481 (markers 13 – 25), and 0.00748 (markers 26 - 37), respectively (http://www.mymcgee.com/tools/yutility.html#MutationRate) . And this is also clear evidence that the markers 26 – 37 are most important in genetic genealogy. When comparing the markers 1 –25 one can only SUSPECT that the two tested males might be related by blood if their markers are matching. By ALL MEANS one needs to check the markers 26 – 37, and especially the fast mutating markers like CDYa, CDYb and DYS 570, to be absolutely CERTAIN that, IN FACT, he IS related by blood with another man. A lot of Y-DNA test results do appear on the Y-search.org database (http://www.ysearch.org/) when the two males are e.g. perfectly matching on their first 12 markers; a certain mismatch, however  small, can appear on the 2^nd panel (markers 13 - 25); while a considerable mismatch on the 3^rd panel (markers 26 – 37) is clear evidence that they are not related by blood at all (in historical times – 50-60 generations ago).

Thanks to this project I can verify real mutation rates, and these have been displayed below. The rates are calculated per the entire 37 markers haplotypes and per century. The time that passed by is a difference between the year in which the Y-DNA tests were performed, and the year when the common male ancestor (CMA) was born.

Surname and given name	Surname and given name	Haplogroup	Common male ancestor (CMA)	Year born	Centuries to the CMA	Genetic Distance on 37 markers		Mutation rate per 37 markers haplotype and per century^**		Genetic Distance on 67 markers		Mutation rate per 67 markers haplotype and per century^**
		(in blue SNP test)				FTDNA standard^*	Webmaster’s standard^*	FTDNA standard^*	Webmaster’s standard^*	FTDNA standard^*	Webmaster’s standard^*	FTDNA standard^*	Webmaster’s standard^*
RURIKIDS	N1c1	(***)	AVERAGE					0.5311	0.5293			0.8576	0.8430
Gagarin G.G.	Rzhevsky Nikolai	N1c1	Vladimir Monomakh	1053	9.55	3^@	3^@	0.4649^@	0.4649^@
Gagarin A. P.	Rzhevsky Nikolai	N1c1	Vladimir Monomakh	1053	9.55	4	4	0.4188	0.4188	8	8	0.8377	0.8377
Gagarin A. P.	Khilkov	N1c1	Andrei F. Starodubsky	Ab. 1290	7.18	4	4	0.5571	0.5571	8	8	1.1142	1.1142
Gagarin A. P.	Kropotkin	N1c1	Vladimir Monomakh	1053	9.56	8	8	0.8368	0.8368	10	10	1.0460	0.9414
Gagarin A. P.	Putiatin	N1c1	Vladimir Monomakh	1053	9.56	9	9	0.9414	0.9414	14	14	1.4644	1.4644
Gagarin A. P.	Vadbolsky	N1c1	Vsevolod Yurievich	1154	8.55	6	6	0.7018	0.7018	11	11	1.2865	1.2865
Gagarin A. P.	Puzyna Jakub	N1c1	Vladimir Monomakh	1053	9.56					15	15	1.5707	1.5707
Gagarin A. P.	Shahovskoy	N1c1	Vladimir Monomakh	1053	9.56					7	7	0.7322	0.7322
Gagarin A. P.	Lobanov- Rostovsky	N1c1	Vsevolod Yurievich	1154	8.55					7	6	0.8187	0.7018
Gagarin A. P.	Massalski	N1c1	Yaroslav Mudry	978	10.31					6	6	0.5820	0.5820
Gagarin A. P.	Korybut- Woroniecki	N1c1	Vladimir Monomakh	1053	9.56					10	10	1.0460	1.0460
Rzhevsky Nikolai	Khilkov	N1c1	Vladimir Monomakh	1053	9.56	4	4	0.4184	0.4184	4	4	0.4184	0.4184
Rzhevsky Nikolai	Kropotkin	N1c1	David R. Smolensky	Ab. 1130	8.79	4	4	0.4188	0.4188	6	6	0.6826	0.6826
Rzhevsky Nikolai	Putiatin	N1c1	Mstislav Vladimirovich	1076	9.33	7	7	0.7503	0.7503	8	8	0.8574	0.8574
Rzhevsky Nikolai	Vadbolsky	N1c1	Vladimir Monomakh	1053	9.56	6	6	0.6276	0.6276	7	7	0.7322	0.7322
Rzhevsky Nikolai	Puzyna Jakub	N1c1	Vladimir Monomakh	1053	9.55					11	11	1.1518	1.1518
Rzhevsky Nikolai	Shahovskoy	N1c1	David R. Smolensky	Ab. 1130	8.79					6	6	0.6826	0.6826
Rzhevsky Nikolai	Lobanov- Rostovsky	N1c1	Vladimir Monomakh	1053	9.56					10	9	1.0460	0.9414
Rzhevsky Nikolai	Massalski	N1c1	Yaroslav Mudry	978	10.31					9	9	0.8729	0.8729
Rzhevsky Nikolai	Korybut- Woroniecki	N1c1	Vladimir Monomakh	1053	9.56					13	13	1.3598	1.3598
Khilkov	Kropotkin	N1c1	Vladimir Monomakh	1053	9.56	3	3	0.3138	0.3138	4	4	0.4184	0.4184
Khilkov	Putiatin	N1c1	Vladimir Monomakh	1053	9.56	6	6	0.6276	0.6276	8	8	0.8368	0.8368
Khilkov	Vadbolsky	N1c1	Vsevolod Yurievich	1154	8.55	4	4	0.4678	0.4678	5	5	0.5850	0.5850
Khilkov	Puzyna Jakub	N1c1	Vladimir Monomakh	1053	9.55					7	7	0.7330	0.7330
Khilkov	Shahovskoy	N1c1	Vladimir Monomakh	1053	9.55					6	6	0.6283	0.6283
Khilkov	Lobanov- Rostovsky	N1c1	Vsevolod Yurievich	1154	8.55					8	8	0.9357	0.9357
Khilkov	Massalski	N1c1	Yaroslav Mudry	978	10.31					5	5	0.4850	0.4850
Khilkov	Korybut- Woroniecki	N1c1	Vladimir Monomakh	1053	9.56					9	9	0.9414	0.9414
Kropotkin	Putiatin	N1c1	Mstislav Vladimirovich	1076	9.33	10	10	1.0718	1.0718	12	12	1.2862	1.2862
Kropotkin	Vadbolsky	N1c1	Vladimir Monomakh	1053	9.56	5	5	0.5230	0.5230	7	7	0.7322	0.7322
Kropotkin	Puzyna Jakub	N1c1	Vladimir Monomakh	1053	9.55					9	9	0.9424	0.9424
Kropotkin	Shahovskoy	N1c1	Rostislav M. Smolensky	1125	8.84					4	4	0.4525	0.4525
Kropotkin	Lobanov- Rostovsky	N1c1	Vladimir Monomakh	1053	9.56					8	8	0.8368	0.8368
Kropotkin	Massalski	N1c1	Yaroslav Mudry	978	10.31					5	5	0.4850	0.4850
Kropotkin	Korybut- Woroniecki	N1c1	Vladimir Monomakh	1053	9.56					11	11	1.1506	1.1506
Vadbolsky	Putiatin	N1c1	Mstislav Vladimirovich	1076	9.33	6	6	0.6431	0.6431	7	7	0.7503	0.7503
Vadbolsky	Puzyna Jakub	N1c1	Vladimir Monomakh	1053	9.55					10	10	1.0471	1.0471
Vadbolsky	Shahovskoy	N1c1	Vladimir Monomakh	1053	9.55					9	9	0.9424	0.9424
Vadbolsky	Lobanov- Rostovsky	N1c1	Vasily K. Rostovsky	1219	7.89					5	5	0.6337	0.6337
Vadbolsky	Massalski	N1c1	Yaroslav Mudry	978	10.31					8	8	0.7759	0.7759
Vadbolsky	Korybut- Woroniecki	N1c1	Vladimir Monomakh	1053	9.56					10	10	1.0460	1.0460
Shahovskoy	Lobanov- Rostovsky	N1c1	Vladimir Monomakh	1053	9.56					10	9	1.0460	0.9414
Shahovskoy	Massalski	N1c1	Yaroslav Mudry	978	10.31					7	7	0.6790	0.6790
Shahovskoy	Korybut- Woroniecki	N1c1	Vladimir Monomakh	1053	9.56					11	11	1.1506	1.1506
Lobanov- Rostovsky	Massalski	N1c1	Yaroslav Mudry	978	10.31					11	10	1.0669	0.9699
Lobanov- Rostovsky	Korybut- Woroniecki	N1c1	Vladimir Monomakh	1053	9.56					13	12	1.3598	1.1639
Massalski	Korybut- Woroniecki	N1c1	Vladimir Monomakh	1053	9.56					12	12	1.2552	1.2552
RURIKIDS	R1a1							0.7600	0.7600
Volkonsky John	Obolensky Yuri	R1a1	Taurussky Yuri	Ab. 1220	7.88	6	6	0.7614	0.7614	11	11	1.3959	1.3959
Volkonsky John	Volkonsky O.	R1a1	Volkonsky Fedor I.	Ab. 1330	6.79	6	6	0.8837	0.8837	7	7	1.0309	1.0309
Volkonsky John	Bariatynsky	R1a1	Taurussky Yuri	Ab. 1220	7.88	6	6	0.7614	0.7614
Volkonsky O.	Obolensky Yuri	R1a1	Taurussky Yuri	Ab. 1220	7.89	7	7	0.8872	0.8872	12	12	1.5209	1.5209
Volkonsky O.	Bariatynsky	R1a1	Taurussky Yuri	Ab. 1220	7.89	5	5	0.6337	0.6337
Obolensky Yuri	Bariatynsky	R1a1	Taurussky Yuri	Ab. 1220	7.89	4	4	0.5070	0.5070
GEDIMINIDS	N1c1								(0.5486)			(0.8424)	(0.8424)
Khovanskii Askold	Chartorisky Alex	N1c1	Gedimin	Ab. 1270	7.38	4	4	0.5420	0.5420	5	5	0.6775	0.6775
Khovanskii Askold	Golitsin	N1c1	Patrikiy Narimuntovich	Ab. 1330	6.79	4	4	0.5891	0.5891	6	6	0.8837	0.8837
Khovanskii Askold	Trubetskoy	N1c1	Gedimin	Ab. 1270	7.39	4	4	0.5413	0.5413	6	6	0.8119	0.8119
Chartorisky Alex	Golitsin	N1c1	Gedimin	Ab. 1270	7.39	2	2	0.2706	0.2706	5	5	0.6766	0.6766
Chartorisky Alex	Trubetskoy	N1c1	Algirdas Gediminovich	Ab. 1307	7.02	4	4	0.5698	0.5698	7	7	0.9972	0.9972
Golitsin	Trubetskoy	N1c1	Gedimin	Ab. 1270	7.39	4	4	0.5413	0.5413	8	8	1.0825	1.0825
TAWAST	CLAN	(***; ^3)	AVERAGE					0.4645	0.3787
Tawast Hannu	Stjerna Antti	N1c1	Tawast Henrik	Ab. 1500	5.08	4	3	0.7874	0.5906
Tawast Hannu	Tawast Veikko	N1c1	Tawast Christoffer	Ab. 1660	3.47	2^@@	2^@@	0.5764^@@	0.5764^@@
Tawast Hannu	Tawast J.	N1c1	Tawast Christoffer	Ab. 1660	3.47	3	3	0.8646	0.8646
Tawast Hannu	Tawast T.	N1c1	Tawast Alexander	1802	2.07	1^@@	1^@@	0.4831^@@	0.4831^@@
Tawast Hannu	Bergh P.	N1c1	Tawast Johan	Ab. 1590	4.17	2	2	0.4796	0.4796
Stjerna Antti	Tawast Veikko	N1c1	Tawast Henrik	Ab. 1500	5.08	2	1	0.3937	0.1969
Stjerna Antti	Tawast J.	N1c1	Tawast Henrik	Ab. 1500	5.08	3	2	0.5906	0.3937
Stjerna Antti	Tawast T.	N1c1	Tawast Henrik	Ab. 1500	5.08	3	2	0.5906	0.3937
Stjerna Antti	Bergh P.	N1c1	Tawast Henrik	Ab. 1500	5.08	2	1	0.3937	0.1969
Tawast Veikko	Tawast J.	N1c1	Tawast Frederik	1758	2.50	1	1	0.4000	0.4000
Tawast Veikko	Tawast T.	N1c1	Tawast Christoffer	Ab. 1660	3.47	1	1	0.2882	0.2882
Tawast Veikko.	Bergh P.	N1c1	Tawast Johan	Ab. 1590	4.17	0	0	0	0
Tawast T.	Tawast J.	N1c1	Tawast Christoffer	Ab. 1660	3.47	2	2	0.5764	0.5764
Tawast T.	Bergh P.	N1c1	Tawast Henrik	Ab. 1500	5.08	1	1	0.1969	0.1969
Tawast J.	Bergh P.	N1c1	Tawast Henrik	Ab. 1500	5.08	1	1	0.1969	0.1969
Vines Fred	Vines Ron	N1c1	Vines John	Ab. 1660	3.46	2^@@	2^@@	0.5764^@@	0.5764^@@
Vines Fred	Vines Paul B.	N1c1	Vines Edward	1725	2.81	1^@	1^@	0.5267^@	0.5267^@
Kosonen Roy	Kosonen Eino	N1c1	Kosoin Petteri	1713	2.94	1	1	0.3436	0.3436
Fletcher Brien	Fletcher Richard	N1c1	Fletcher John S.	1829	1.79	3	2	1.6760	1.1173
Komulainen Eero	Komulainen Jari	N1c1	Komulainen Samuel	1703	3.06	4	4	1.3071	1.3071
Hiltunen Paavo	Hiltunen Jari	N1c1	Hiltunen Matti	1718	2.91	2	2	0.6873	0.6873
Lapinski “Wzorek”	Lapinski „Bodaj”	R1a1^1	Lapinski Jakub	Ab. 1510	4.98	4	4	0.8032	0.8032
Lapinski „Kus”	Lapinski „Bodaj”	R1a1	Lapinski Wit	Ab. 1450	5.58	5	5	0.8961	0.8961
Lapinski „Rosman”	Lapinski „Bodaj”	R1a1	Lapinski „Lapa”	Ab. 1420	5.88	4	4	0.6803	0.6803
Lapinski „Wzorek”	Lapinski „Kus”	R1a1	Lapinski Wit	Ab. 1450	5.58	5	5	0.8961	0.8961
Lapinski „Rosman”	Lapinski „Kus”	R1a1	Lapinski „Lapa”	Ab. 1420	5.88	3	3	0.5102	0.5102
Lapinski „Rosman”	Lapinski „Wzorek“	R1a1	Lapinski „Lapa”	Ab. 1420	5.88	6	6	1.0204	1.0204
VENTER	CLAN	(***; ^4)	AVERAGE					0.8991	0.8991
Venter Piet #73298	Venter #89593	R1a1	Venter (v. Dempter) Hendrik	1663	3.46	2	2	0.5780	0.5780
Venter Piet #73298	Venter #87173	R1a1	Venter (v. Dempter) Hendrik	1663	3.46	2	2	0.5780	0.5780
Venter Piet #73298	Venter #87825	R1a1	Venter (v. Dempter) Hendrik	1663	3.46	0	0	0	0
Venter Piet #73298	Venter #132347	R1a1	Venter (v. Dempter) Hendrik	1663	3.46	0	0	0	0
Venter Piet #73298	Venter #143506	R1a1	Venter (v. Dempter) Hendrik	1663	3.46	6	6	1.7341	1.7341
Venter #89593	Venter #87173	R1a1	Venter (v. Dempter) Hendrik	1663	3.46	4	4	1.1561	1.1561
Venter #89593	Venter #87825	R1a1	Venter (v. Dempter) Hendrik	1663	3.46	2	2	0.5780	0.5780
Venter #89593	Venter #132347	R1a1	Venter (v. Dempter) Hendrik	1663	3.46	2	2	0.5780	0.5780
Venter #89593	Venter #143506	R1a1	Venter (v. Dempter) Hendrik	1663	3.46	8	8	2.3121	2.3121
Venter #87173	Venter #87825	R1a1	Venter (v. Dempter) Hendrik	1663	3.46	2	2	0.5780	0.5780
Venter #87173	Venter #132347	R1a1	Venter (v. Dempter) Hendrik	1663	3.46	2	2	0.5780	0.5780
Venter #87173	Venter #143506	R1a1	Venter (v. Dempter) Hendrik	1663	3.46	8	8	2.3121	2.3121
Venter #87825	Venter #132347	R1a1	Venter (v. Dempter) Hendrik	1663	3.46	0	0	0	0
Venter #87825	Venter #143506	R1a1	Venter (v. Dempter) Hendrik	1663	3.46	6	6	1.7341	1.7341
Venter #132347	Venter #143506	R1a1	Venter (v. Dempter) Hendrik	1663	3.46	6	6	1.7341	1.7341
Kossacki- Lytwyn Lukasz	Kossacki- Lytwyn Jacek	R1a1		1900	1.08	2	2	1.8519	1.8519
Plewako Stanislaw J.	Plewako Stanislaw G.	I2a^2	Plewako Kazimierz	1822	1.87	1	1	0.5348^@@	0.5348^@@
Plewako Stanisław J.	Plewako Damian	I2a^2	Plewako Pawel	Ab. 1615	3.94	4	4	1.0152	1.0152
Plewako Stanislaw G.	Plewako Damian	I2a^2	Plewako Pawel	Ab. 1615	3.94	3	3	0.7614	0.7614

· ^* In almost 100 % of all cases, unexpectedly, some of the markers AMONG THE FINNs (N1c1) seem to be MUTATING SIMULTANEOUSLY (or very shortly one after another). This observation is valid in the case of the following pairs of markers : DYS 459 a and DYS 459 b, DYS 464 a and DYS 464 b, DYS 464 c and DYS 464 d, as well as CDY a and CDY b. The FTDNA Co. is not taking this phenomenon into account at all. For example, if two males are having 37 37 and 34 34 in CDY a and CDY b, respectively, the FTDNA Co. counts the genetic distance (GD) to be 3x2=6 in the both markers. I will try to reconsider this problem, and in the right column the GD = 3 in such case will be counted. The future will show which method is correct.

· ^** To compare these figures with those mentioned above, in the case of 37 markers haplotypes one needs to divide them by 37x4 (4 generations per century), i.e. by 148, while in the case of 67 markers haplotypes one needs to divide them by 67x4 (4 generations per century), i.e. by 268, respectively.

· ^@25 markers, i.e. only markers 1-25 are compared. However, in this case the result of simple division is multiplied by 37/25 to arrive at figures adequate for 37 markers tests.

· ^@@The same result has been obtained for the 67 markers haplotype.

· ^*** Average mutation rate is calculated only for those clans which can deliver at least 10 documented results. This average is calculated in the following way : 20 % of minimal, as well as 20 % of maximal results, are being discarded; the average is being calculated from the remaining 60 % of all the results among the clan. (However, in the case of Gediminids only a single minimal and maximal result, respectively, were discarded in these calculations).

The current (10 MAY 2012) estimate in the N1c1 Rurikid clan is as follows : 47 haplotypes; 9 largest, as well as 9 smallest results, respectively, are being discarded. The remaining 29 results yield in : 24.871 (FTDNA standard) and 24.4479 (Webmaster’s standard), respectively. Hence, the average mutations rate amount to 0.8576 and 0.8430, respectively. The former figures, including a smaller number of the princes, were 0.8984 and 0.8897, respectively. On should direct his attention to an excellent agreement with those mutation rates in the N1c1 Gediminid clan : 0.8424 and 0.8424, respectively.

· ¹ By courtesy of Lukasz Lubicz-Lapinski and his Lapinski Clan Y-DNA project (l-lapinski@wp.pl; http://www.familytreedna.com/public/Lapinski)

· ² By courtesy of Stanislaw J. Plewako (http://www.familytreedna.com/public/Plewako/default.aspx?section=yresults)

· ³ By courtesy of Hannu Tawast (hannu.tawast@pp.inet.fi)

· ⁴ By courtesy of Robert Venter (venter.genealogy@comcast.net)

Genetic distance	-6	-5	-4	-3	-2	-1	0 (Perfect match)	+1	+2	+3	+4	+5	+6
Background

	Column Raw					1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30	31	32	33	34	35	36	37	Additional Markers			Additional Markers			GENETIC DISTANCE
																																											41	46	59	49	51	58
Surname and (the 1^st) given name (FINNISH MONOMAKH BRANCH)	Number displayed here with coloured background indicates a kinship	Father’s given name	Date of birth (Also most distant ances- tor)	Place of birth	Haplo- group (in blue determi- ned by SNP test)	D Y S 3 9 3	D Y S 3 9 0	D Y S 19/ 3 9 4	D Y S 3 9 1	D Y S 3 8 5 a	D Y S 3 8 5 b	D Y S 4 2 6	D Y S 3 8 8	D Y S 4 3 9	D Y S 3 8 9 _1	D Y S 3 9 2	D Y S 3 8 9 _2	D Y S 4 5 8	D Y S 4 5 9 a	D Y S 4 5 9 b	D Y S 4 5 5	D Y S 4 5 4	D Y S 4 4 7	D Y S 4 3 7	D Y S 4 4 8	D Y S 4 4 9	D Y S 4 6 4 a	D Y S 4 6 4 b	D Y S 4 6 4 c	D Y S 4 6 4 d	D Y S 4 6 0	G A T A H 4	Y C A II a	Y C A II b	D Y S 4 5 6	D Y S 6 0 7	D Y S 5 7 6	D Y S 5 7 0	C D Y a	C D Y b	D Y S 4 4 2	D Y S 4 3 8	3 9 5 S 1 b	4 0 6 S 1	D Y S 5 2 0	D Y S 4 1 3 a	D Y S 5 5 7	D Y S 4 8 1
	Modal Haplotype N2-A1	Pink background in this		Pink background in this	(^)	13	23	14	10	12	13			10	13	14	30							14																		10	It seems that these markers
	Modal Haplotype N2-A2	column indicates a person		column indicates a person	(^)	13	23	15	11	12	13			11	13	14	30							14																		11	and especially 395S1b
	Modal Haplotype N3a (N1c1)	whose princely descent is		whose princely descent is	(^)	14	23	14	11	11	13			10	14	14	30							14																		10	are inva-riant in genetic
	Modal Haplotype N3a2	proved with documents		confirmed by family tradition	(^)	14	23	14	10	11	13			10	14	14	30							14																		10	clans in the last 1500 yrs
	Modal Haplotype N1				(^^)	13	23	14	10	11	14	11	12	11	13	14	30	16	9	9	11	11	26	14	19	29	14	14	15	15	11	11	18	20	15	14	18	18	36	36	12	10	17 11 21
	Modal Haplotype N1c				(^^)	14	23	14	11	11	13	11	12	10	14	14	30	16	9	9	11	11	25	14	19	27	14	14