Mother: MATILDA of Caen |
A sword's crushing blow extinguished the life of Thomas Becket,
Archbishop of Canterbury, on a cold December evening as he
struggled on the steps of his altar. The brutal event sent a
tremor through Medieval Europe. Public opinion of the time and
subsequent history have laid the blame for the murder at the
feet of Becket's former close personal friend, King Henry II.
Becket was born in 1118, in Normandy the son of an English
merchant. His family was well off, his father a former Sheriff
of London. Becket benefited from his family's status first by
being sent to Paris for his education and from there to England
where he joined the household of Theobold, the then Archbishop
of Canterbury. Becket's administrative skills, his charm,
intelligence and diplomacy propelled him forward. The archbishop
sent him to Paris to study law and upon his return to England
made him Archdeacon of Canterbury.
Becket's big break came in 1154, when Theobold introduced him to
the newly crowned King, Henry II. The two hit it off
immediately, their similar personal chemistries forming a strong
bond between them. Henry named Becket his Chancellor. Archbishop
Theobold died in 1161, and Henry immediately saw the opportunity
to increase his influence over the Church by naming his loyal
advisor to the highest ecclesiastical post in the land. Henry
petitioned the Pope who agreed. There was only one slight
hindrance. Becket, busy at court, had never been ordained. No
problem, Becket was first invested as a priest. The next day he
was ordained a Bishop, and that afternoon, June 2, 1162, made
Archbishop of Canterbury.
If King Henry believed that by having "his man" in the top post
of the Church, he could easily impose his will upon this
powerful religious institution, he was sadly mistaken. Becket's
allegiance shifted from the court to the Church inspiring him to
take a stand against his king. In those days, the Church
reserved the right to try felonious clerics in their own
religious courts of justice and not those of the crown. Henry
was determined to increase control of his realm by eliminating
this custom. In 1163, a Canon accused of murder was acquitted by
a church court. The public outcry demanded justice and the Canon
was brought before a court of the king. Becket's protest halted
this attempt but the action spurred King Henry to change the
laws to extend his courts' jurisdiction over the clergy. Becket
vacillated in his support of the king, finally refusing to agree
to changes in the law. His stand prompted a royal summons to
Henry's court at Northampton and the king's demand to know what
Becket had done with the large sums of money that had passed
through his hands as Chancellor.
Seeing the writing on the wall, Becket fled to France where he
remained in exile for six years. The two former friends appeared
to resolve their dispute in 1170 when King Henry and Becket met
in Normandy. On November 30, Becket crossed the Channel
returning to his post at Canterbury. Earlier, while in France,
Becket had excomunicated the Bishops of London and Salisbury for
their support of the king. Now, Becket remained steadfast in his
refusal to absolve the bishops. This news threw King Henry
(still in France) into a rage in which he was purported to
shout: "What sluggards, what cowards have I brought up in my
court, who care nothing for their allegiance to their lord. Who
will rid me of this meddlesome priest."
The king's exact words have been lost to history but his outrage
inspired four knights (Richard Brito, Hugh de Moreville,
Reginald FitzUrse, and William de Tracy) to sail to England to
rid the realm of this annoying prelate. They arrived at
Canterbury during the afternoon of December 29 and immediately
searched for the Archbishop. Becket fled to the Cathedral where
a service was in progress. The knights found him at the altar,
drew their swords and began hacking at their victim finally
splitting his skull.
The death of Becket unnerved the king. The knights who did the
deed to curry the king's favor, fell into disgrace. Several
miracles were said to occur at the tomb of the martyr and he was
soon canonized. Hordes of pilgrims transformed Canterbury
Cathedral into a shrine. Four years later, in an act of penance,
the king donned a sack-cloth walking barefoot through the
streets of Canterbury while eighty monks flogged him with
branches. Henry capped his atonement by spending the night in
the martyr's crypt. St. Thomas continued as a popular cultist
figure for the remainder of the Middle Ages.
Observations of a Monk
Edward Grim, a monk, observed the attack from the safety of a
hiding place near the altar. He wrote his account some time
after the event. Acceptance of his description must be qualified
by the influence that Becket's sainthood had on Grim's
perspective. However, the fundamentals of his narrative are no
doubt true. We pick up the story after the knights have stormed
into the cathedral.
"The murderers followed him; 'Absolve', they cried, 'and restore
to communion those whom you have excommunicated, and restore
their powers to those whom you have suspended.'
"He answered, 'There has been no satisfaction, and I will not
absolve them.'
'Then you shall die,' they cried, 'and receive what you
deserve.'
'I am ready,' he replied, 'to die for my Lord, that in my blood
the Church may obtain liberty and peace. But in the name of
Almighty God, I forbid you to hurt my people whether clerk or
lay.'
"Then they lay sacrilegious hands on him, pulling and dragging
him that they may kill him outside the church, or carry him away
a prisoner, as they afterwards confessed. But when he could not
be forced away from the pillar, one of them pressed on him and
clung to him more closely. Him he pushed off calling him
'pander', and saying, 'Touch me not, Reginald; you owe me fealty
and subjection; you and your accomplices act like madmen.'
"The knight, fired with a terrible rage at this severe repulse,
waved his sword over the sacred head. 'No faith', he cried, 'nor
subjection do I owe you against my fealty to my lord the King.'
"Then the unconquered martyr seeing the hour at hand which
should put an end to this miserable life and give him
straightway the crown of immortality promised by the Lord,
inclined his neck as one who prays and joining his hands he
lifted them up, and commended his cause and that of the Church
to God, to St. Mary, and to the blessed martry Denys. Scarce had
he said the words than the wicked knight, fearing lest he should
be rescued by the people and escape alive, leapt upon him
suddenly and wounded this lamb who was sacrificed to God on the
head, cutting off the top of the crown which the sacred unction
of the chrism had dedicated to God; and by the same blow he
wounded the arm of him who tells this. For he, when the others,
both monks and clerks, fled, stuck close to the sainted
Archbishop and held him in his arms till the one he interposed
was almost severed.
"Then he received a second blow on the head but still stood
firm. At the third blow he fell on his knees and elbows,
offering himself a living victim, and saying in a low voice,
'For the Name of Jesus and the protection of the Church I am
ready to embrace death.'
"Then the third knight inflicted a terrible wound as he lay, by
which the sword was broken against the pavement, and the crown
which was large was separated from the head. The fourth knight
prevented any from interfering so that the others might freely
perpetrate the murder.
"As to the fifth, no knight but that clerk who had entered with
the knights, that a fifth blow might not be wanting to the
martyr who was in other things like to Christ, he put his foot
on the neck of the holy priest and precious martyr, and,
horrible to say, scattered his brain and blood over the
pavement, calling out to the others, 'Let us away, knights; he
will rise no more.'
References:
Abbot, Edwin A., St. Thomas of Canterbury (1898); Compton,
Piers, The Turbulent Priest (1964); Hollister, Warren C.,
Medieval Europe: a short history (1975)
Resources on the Web:
Henry II
Canterbury Cathedral
How To Cite This Article: "The Murder of Thomas Becket, 1170"
EyeWitness to History, www.eyewitnesstohistory.com (1997).
The Saxon Church that originally stood on this site was
completely destroyed by fire in 1067 and then the Choir of the
reconstructed Cathedral was also destroyed in another fire in
1174. Fortunately, despite the bombing of Canterbury in the
Second World War, the Cathedral did survive. I have seen a 1975
estimate that gave the cost of building a Cathedral of this size
as £100million. Whatever the possible cost, nothing would
replace the living history of this particular building
notwithstanding its main purpose as a place of worship.
http://www.digiserve.com/peter/cath_p.htm
This effort at the Thomas à Becket story is an amalgamation of
information I have available to me together with details I have
gathered from local historians with an interest in Canterbury.
Like most tales that are 800 years old, there are bound to be
variations depending upon the source. I only mention this in
case there's some clever ------ out there who wants to berate me
because my version doesn't match his or hers!
Thomas à Becket (which for some reason seems to have been
commonly shortened to Thomas Becket since I took History), was
born on December 21, 1118, the son of Gilbert à Becket,an
English merchant and at one time Sheriff of London, and a French
Mother, Matilda of Caen in Normandy. He was educated at Merton
Priory in Surrey and was later sent to Paris to study. After
five years in Paris, Thomas returned to England where he joined
the staff of the then Archbishop of Canterbury, Theobald.
However, he did not remain in England for long and the
Archbishop sent him abroad again to study law.
Following his return to England, Thomas was made Archdeacon of
Canterbury because of his skills at administration. After the
death of King Stephen in 1154, it was Archbishop Theobald who
recommended Thomas to the new King, Henry II (formerly Henry of
Anjou) as Chancellor which was quite an increase in status. It
is, of course, highly likely that Theobald was ensuring that he
had a Church representative as close to the Throne as possible.
Apparently, the two men, Henry and Thomas, took an instant
liking to each other and this could well have been based on the
fact that they were both forthright and hot tempered.
Archbishop Theobald died in 1161 and at that time, the King was
the person to choose the successor. The decision took some time
but Henry made up his mind that his friend, Thomas, would become
the new Archbishop. As Thomas had been acting as Chancellor he
had not risen in the Church as he might have and did not hold a
particularly high 'rank'. Because of this, in 1162, on June 2nd
he was firstly ordained as a priest and then ordained as a
Bishop on the following morning. He was then made Archbishop
later on the same day. The die, as it is said, was cast.
It was probable that Henry believed that with his friend in the
highest office in the Church in England there would be an easy
alliance between Church and State. However, when Henry amended
laws to place the State in a position to take charge of cases
involving the clergy, the trouble started. Thomas originally
agreed to the changes but subsequently changed his mind and did
penance to show that he had been wrong in his original decision.
This act, in those days, was considered a considerable 'slap in
the face' for Henry. As a result, Henry called Becket to
Northampton and asked him to account for sums of money that had
passed through his hands while he was chancellor and then later
as the Archbishop of Canterbury. The conflict caused by these
accusations was extreme and Thomas, already well liked by the
general populace, was helped in October, 1164, to flee England
for France.
Thomas remained in exile in France for six years, with the
support of the King of France, first at Pontigny and then at
Sens. In 1169, while still in France, he excommunicated the
Bishops of London and Salisbury who had stood against him and
supported the King. In 1170, while Henry was in France himself,
Thomas returned to England and landed at the Port of Sandwich.
He was cheered by the local people from the time he landed to
his arrival back in Canterbury.
Meanwhile, back in France, the most ardent opponent of Thomas,
who was Archbishop Roger of York had the ear of the King.
Archbishop Roger, who, as Archbishop of York, would have been
number two in the hierarchy of the Church in England, suggested
to Henry that, 'while Thomas lives, you will have neither quiet
times nor a tranquil kingdom'. This threw Henry into one of his
rages and is supposed to have exclaimed one of the following:
"Who will rid me of this meddlesome priest"
"Who will rid me of this lowborn priest"
or, "Who will rid me of this turbulent priest"
Whichever words he used, they were overheard by four of his
knights who decided that they could gain great favour by dealing
with the problem and left immediately for England. The knights
were; Richard Brito, Hugh de Moreville, Reginald FitzUrse, and
William de Tracy. They made for Canterbury and arrived their in
the late afternoon of December 29th, 1170 at the entrance that
stood at that time, half way down Palace Street.
The knights arrival and their cries frightened the Monks and
they persuaded Thomas to flee from his residence towards the
Cathedral where they felt that he would be safe. They fled
across what is now Green Court, down into the Dark Entry, turned
left into the Cloisters and entered The Cathedral through the
North West Transept. (There is now a belief that Thomas and the
Monks actually fled from The Archbishop's Palace directly to the
South Wing of The Great Cloisters. This is not the way the story
was handed down to me although it does make a lot of sense given
the layout of the buildings at the time). The service of Vespers
was in progress when the knights burst into the Cathedral after
following The Archbishop and the monks from the gates in Palace
Street. Thomas shook off the Monks, now in a rage himself, and
returned to the transept to face the four knights.
©P.E. Blanche 1998
The Martyrdom
Click on this picture
for a larger version
The knights initially just grabbed at Thomas but he pushed them
away and actually knocked FitzUrse to the floor. At this point,
FitzUrse, who had been called 'a pimp' by Thomas in this shoving
match drew his sword and threatened The Archbishop. De Tracey
also drew his sword and called out, "strike! strike!" to the
others and delivered the first blow. It took three more wounds
before Thomas went down but then Brito delivered an almighty
blow which actually severed the top of the cranium, spilling the
brains of the priest on the floor. The tip of the sword came off
with the strength of the impact.
It is said that there was a great storm within an hour of the
death of the Archbishop and people flocked to the Cathedral to
mourn for him. Three days after this there began a series of
miracles which are depicted in 'the miracle windows' and were
attributed to Thomas. In 1173, the Archbishop was canonized by
Pope Alexander III.
Henry II doing penance
at the first Tomb of
St. Thomas in 1174.
©P.E.Blanche 1998
On July 12, 1174 Henry II came to Canterbury to perform penance
at the tomb of the Saint, probably more as a result of public
pressure than anything else but it would be nice to thing that
he was saddened by his part in the tragedy. It is said that he
put on sack-cloth and ashes at Harbledown and walked barefoot
into the City where he was beaten with birch twigs by eighty
monks. He then did penance at the tomb of the martyr in the
crypt, remaining there for the night and leaving the next
morning. The picture of the stained glass window shown on this
page gives one of the few representations of the probable
original shape of the tomb.
Immediately after the murder the body of the Archbishop was
prepared for burial and laid in state before the high altar
before being taken into the East end of crypt where it was
hastily buried behind the altar of the Chapel of Our Lady
Undercroft.
The second site of the tomb of St. Thomas in
The Trinity Chapel
©P.E.Blanche 1998
The remains of the Saint were kept in this location from 1170 to
1220 when they were moved to a new location in the Shrine which
had been constructed in the Trinity Chapel. The Shrine was
eventually destroyed by "Our 'Enery" (Henry VIII) in 1538.
It is said that the FitzUrse family was so ashamed for his part
in this deed that they changed the family name to Bearham, based
on the 'Urse' (or Ursa) part of the name. This eventually became
Barham and the village about six miles South of Canterbury and
once owned by the family still carries this name. (This is
comment I have heard but have not actually seen in any book or
record).
http://www.digiserve.com/peter/becket.htm
What Happened to Thomas à Becket? (300 years after is death,
mystery of his remains and Henry VIII -The Chapel of St. Mary
Magdalen - two services are held in this Chapel twice every
year, one on anniversary of the date of the original
translation, July 7th, and the other on the date of the murder,
December 29th.
http://www.digiserve.com/peter/becket2.htm
__ | __| | | | |__ | _GILBERT a' BECKETT _| | | | | __ | | | | |__| | | | |__ | | |--SAINT THOMAS BECKETT of Canterbury | (1118 - 1170) | __ | | | __| | | | | | |__ | | |_MATILDA of Caen_____| | | __ | | |__| | |__
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Mother: Susan CHAMBERS |
__ | __| | | | |__ | _Marmaduke (John) BLACKISTONE "the Immigrant"_| | (1570 - 1639) | | | __ | | | | |__| | | | |__ | | |--Nehemiah BLACKISTONE | (1636 - 1693) | __ | | | __| | | | | | |__ | | |_Susan CHAMBERS ______________________________| (1600 - ....) | | __ | | |__| | |__
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Mother: Elizabeth WORMELEY of Rosegill |
_John CARTER of Corotoman_____+ | (1613 - 1669) _Robert "King" CARTER Colony of Virginia_| | (1663 - 1732) m 1701 | | |_Sarah LUDLOW of Dinton_______+ | (1635 - 1668) _Landon CARTER of Sabine Hall___| | (1713 - 1778) m 1734 | | | _Thomas LANDON Esq.___________ | | | (1650 - ....) | |_Elizabeth "Betty" LANDON _______________| | (1674 - 1720) m 1701 | | |_Mary de LAVAL _______________ | (1650 - ....) | |--Elizabeth Wormley CARTER | (1736 - ....) | _Ralph WORMELEY of "Rosegill"_+ | | (1650 - 1703) m 1687 | _John WORMELEY of Rosegill_______________| | | (1689 - 1726) m 1712 | | | |_Elizabeth ARMISTEAD _________+ | | (1667 - 1716) m 1687 |_Elizabeth WORMELEY of Rosegill_| (1714 - 1740) m 1734 | | ______________________________ | | |_Elizabeth_______________________________| (1690 - ....) m 1712 | |______________________________
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Mother: Marion McHenry LUMPKIN |
_John Addison COBBS Jr._+ | (1740 - 1803) m 1769 _John Addison COBB _____________________________| | (1783 - 1855) m 1812 | | |_Mildred LEWIS _________+ | (1753 - 1791) m 1769 _Thomas Reade Rootes COBB C.S.A._| | (1823 - 1862) m 1844 | | | _Thomas Reade ROOTES II_+ | | | (1763 - 1824) m 1783 | |_Sarah Robinson ROOTES _________________________| | (1792 - 1865) m 1812 | | |_Sarah Ryng BATTAILE ___+ | (1760 - 1811) m 1783 | |--Marion "Birdie" COBB | (1860 - 1919) | _John H. LUMPKIN _______+ | | (1760 - ....) m 1780 | _Joseph Henry LUMPKIN "The Great Chief Justice"_| | | (1799 - 1867) m 1821 | | | |_Lucy Elizabeth HOPSON _ | | (1760 - ....) m 1780 |_Marion McHenry LUMPKIN _________| (1822 - 1897) m 1844 | | ________________________ | | |_Callender C. GRIEVE ___________________________| (1803 - ....) m 1821 | |________________________
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Mother: Rebecca WARD |
_Christopher DUDLEY _+ | (1650 - 1745) m 1709 _Christopher DUDLEY Jr._| | (1680 - 1764) m 1704 | | |_Ann CHURCH _________ | (1680 - 1745) m 1709 _Bishop DUDLEY ______| | (.... - 1787) | | | _George BISHOP Sr.___+ | | | (1690 - 1744) | |_Elizabeth BISHOP ______| | (1710 - 1760) m 1704 | | |_Elizabeth___________ | (1690 - 1748) | |--John DUDLEY | | _____________________ | | | ________________________| | | | | | |_____________________ | | |_Rebecca WARD _______| (.... - 1788) | | _____________________ | | |________________________| | |_____________________
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Mother: Lucinda HOSKINS |
__ | __| | | | |__ | _Thomas GRIMES ______| | (1814 - 1876) m 1834| | | __ | | | | |__| | | | |__ | | |--Henry George GRIMES | (1837 - 1866) | __ | | | __| | | | | | |__ | | |_Lucinda HOSKINS ____| (1813 - 1882) m 1834| | __ | | |__| | |__
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__ | __| | | | |__ | _(RESEARCH QUERY) HARRISON _| | | | | __ | | | | |__| | | | |__ | | |--Lovell HARRISON | (1700 - ....) | __ | | | __| | | | | | |__ | | |____________________________| | | __ | | |__| | |__
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Mother: ALIX de ST OMER |
_ROBERT de HOO ________________ | (1274 - 1340) _THOMAS de HOO of Luton Hoo_| | (1310 - 1380) | | |_______________________________ | _WILLIAM de HOO _____| | (1340 - 1407) | | | _JOHN ST. LEGER Lord Of Offley_+ | | | (1300 - ....) | |_ISABELLE de ST. LEGER _____| | (1319 - 1393) | | |_ISABELLE______________________ | (1300 - ....) | |--THOMAS HOO 1st of Hoo Knt. K.G. | (1396 - 1454) | _______________________________ | | | ____________________________| | | | | | |_______________________________ | | |_ALIX de ST OMER ____| (1345 - ....) | | _______________________________ | | |____________________________| | |_______________________________
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Mother: Elizabeth MCCROSKEY |
Children:
2 George Blackburn HOUSTON + Lamanda MONDAY
2 Joseph Erasmus HOUSTON d: aft 1878 + Eliza McDonald Clark
HAIRE d: aft 1878
2 Lochard E. HOUSTON b: ABT. 1810 + Sue Maury PARRISH
2 Samuel Moore HOUSTON + Mary P. HENDON
2 Elizabeth L. HOUSTON + J. W. NORWOOD
_Samuel HOUSTON _____________+ | (1650 - 1730) m 1670 _John HOUSTON II "the Immigrant"_| | (1689 - 1754) m 1717 | | |_Margaret MCCLUNG ___________ | (1650 - 1747) m 1670 _Samuel Cunningham HOUSTON _| | (1728 - 1797) m 1753 | | | _____________________________ | | | | |_Margaret Mary CUNNINGHAM _______| | (1696 - 1754) m 1717 | | |_____________________________ | | |--Robert HOUSTON | (1760 - 1835) | _(RESEARCH QUERY) MCCROSKEY _ | | | _John MCCROSKEY "the Immigrant"__| | | (1680 - 1758) m 1711 | | | |_____________________________ | | |_Elizabeth MCCROSKEY _______| (1728 - ....) m 1753 | | _____________________________ | | |_Elizabeth GAY __________________| (1684 - ....) m 1711 | |_____________________________
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Mother: Elizabeth A. LINDSAY |
_____________________ | ___________________________| | | | |_____________________ | _Riley Brantley MEADOWS _| | (1842 - 1915) m 1866 | | | _____________________ | | | | |___________________________| | | | |_____________________ | | |--Nannie P. MEADOWS | (1870 - ....) | _William H. LINDSAY _+ | | (1780 - 1815) m 1802 | _Zachariah "Zack" LINDSAY _| | | (1814 - 1892) m 1835 | | | |_Mary "Polly" ALVIS _+ | | (1780 - 1817) m 1802 |_Elizabeth A. LINDSAY ___| (1842 - 1906) m 1866 | | _____________________ | | |_Martha M. MONTGOMERY _____| (1816 - 1849) m 1835 | |_____________________
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Mother: Anne MAROT |
_Willliam SHIELDS "the Immigrant"_+ | (1630 - 1699) _James SHIELDS I____________| | (1674 - 1727) m 1691 | | |_Elizabeth BRAY __________________ | (1624 - ....) _James SHIELDS II____| | (1700 - 1750) m 1738| | | _Jean MAROT "the Immigrant"_______ | | | (1676 - 1717) | |_Hannah MAROT ______________| | (1680 - ....) m 1691 | | |_Anne PASTEUR ____________________ | (1681 - 1742) | |--James SHIELDS III | (1739 - ....) | __________________________________ | | | _Jean MAROT "the Immigrant"_| | | (1676 - 1717) | | | |__________________________________ | | |_Anne MAROT _________| (1703 - ....) m 1738| | __________________________________ | | |_Anne PASTEUR ______________| (1681 - 1742) | |__________________________________
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Father: WILLIAM de STRICKLAND |
__ | __| | | | |__ | _WILLIAM de STRICKLAND _| | (1200 - ....) | | | __ | | | | |__| | | | |__ | | |--JOAN de STRICKLAND | (1274 - ....) | __ | | | __| | | | | | |__ | | |________________________| | | __ | | |__| | |__
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Mother: Catherine WEEKES |
_____________________ | _____________________| | | | |_____________________ | _Henry WILLIAMSON Gent._| | (1643 - 1699) m 1693 | | | _____________________ | | | | |_____________________| | | | |_____________________ | | |--Elizabeth WILLIAMSON | (1690 - ....) | _Francis WEEKES _____ | | (1620 - 1689) | _Abraham WEEKES _____| | | (1631 - 1692) m 1660| | | |_____________________ | | |_Catherine WEEKES ______| (1660 - ....) m 1693 | | _____________________ | | |_Milicent____________| (1630 - ....) m 1660| |_____________________
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