mtDNA Maternal Ancestral History provided by the National Geographic - Genographic Project. Type: mtDNA Haplogroup: I (subclade I3 plus 16086) - Iris http://www.ancientrootsresearch.com/I-subgroups.html Sub-clades of the mtDNA Haplogroup I Your Mitochondrial HVR I Sequence: 16086C, 16129A, 16223T, 16391A, 16519C; HVR2 Sequence: 73G,152C,199C,204C,207A,239C,250C,263G,309.1C,315.1C, 524.1C,524.2A,524.3C,524.4A,573.1C,573.2C http://www.mitomap.org/cgi-bin/tbl5gen.pl MitoMap Continent: Europe Haplogroup I mtDNA Variants: 1715- DdeI; 10032+ AluI; 4529- HaeII; 8249+ AvaII; 16389+ BamHI/MboI Continental mtDNA % - 7 http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_N.htm Haplogroups I and N These groups are spread thinly over the whole Indo-European area. http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/gifs/N_gif.htm A Chart Showing Haplogroup I and N Under 2849 (523) - 239, 524, 16086 (Italy) Plus Under 2849 (523) are 38c, 207, 249d, 709, 13395, 13928 (Italy) http://www.mitomap.org/mitomap-phylogeny.pdf MitoMap Coding Region Mutations Haplogroup I3a 2849(16) 80(eu74) 709(12) 8251(COII) 13395(ND5) 13928C(S531TND5) 71(tor21) National Geographic - Genographic Project https://www3.nationalgeographic.com/genographic/_html/r011.html Your Branch on the Human Family Tree: Your DNA results identify you as belonging to a specific branch of the human family tree called haplogroup I. Over time, the descendants of your ancestors spread throughout the Near East and gave rise to many groups that went on to inhabit much of northern Europe. Your Ancestral Journey: What We Know Now: We will now take you back through the stories of your distant ancestors and show how the movements of their descendants gave rise to your mitochondrial lineage. Mitochondrial Eve: The Mother of Us All Ancestral Line: "Mitochondrial Eve" Our story begins in Africa sometime between 150,000 and 170,000 years ago, with a woman whom anthropologists have nicknamed "Mitochondrial Eve." She was awarded this mythic epithet in 1987 when population geneticists discovered that all people alive on the planet today can trace their maternal lineage back to her. But Mitochondrial Eve was not the first female human. Homo sapiens evolved in Africa around 200,000 years ago, and the first hominids—characterized by their unique bipedal stature—appeared nearly two million years before that. Yet despite humans having been around for almost 30,000 years, Eve is exceptional because hers is the only lineage from that distant time to survive to the present day. Which begs the question, "So why Eve?" Simply put, Eve was a survivor. A maternal line can become extinct for a number of reasons. A woman may not have children, or she may bear only sons (who do not pass her mtDNA to the next generation). She may fall victim to a catastrophic event such as a volcanic eruption, flood, or famine, all of which have plagued humans since the dawn of our species. None of these extinction events happened to Eve's line. It may have been simple luck, or it may have been something much more. It was around this same time that modern humans' intellectual capacity underwent what author Jared Diamond coined the Great Leap Forward. Many anthropologists believe that the emergence of language gave us a huge advantage over other early human species. Improved tools and weapons, the ability to plan ahead and cooperate with one another, and an increased capacity to exploit resources in ways we hadn't been able to earlier, all allowed modern humans to rapidly migrate to new territories, exploit new resources, and outcompete and replace other hominids, such as the Neandertals. It is difficult to pinpoint the chain of events that led to Eve's unique success, but we can say with certainty that all of us trace our maternal lineage back to this one woman. The L Haplogroups: The Deepest Branches Ancestral line: "Eve" > L1/L0 Mitochondrial Eve represents the root of the human family tree. Her descendents, moving around within Africa, eventually split into two distinct groups, characterized by a different set of mutations their members carry. These groups are referred to as L0 and L1, and these individuals have the most divergent genetic sequences of anybody alive today, meaning they represent the deepest branches of the mitochondrial tree. Importantly, current genetic data indicates that indigenous people belonging to these groups are found exclusively in Africa. This means that, because all humans have a common female ancestor, "Eve," and because the genetic data shows that Africans are the oldest groups on the planet, we know our species originated there. Haplogroups L1 and L0 likely originated in East Africa and then spread throughout the rest of the continent. Today, these lineages are found at highest frequencies in Africa's indigenous populations, the hunter-gatherer groups who have maintained their ancestors' culture, language, and customs for thousands of years. At some point, after these two groups had coexisted in Africa for a few thousand years, something important happened. The mitochondrial sequence of a woman in one of these groups, L1, mutated. A letter in her DNA changed, and because many of her descendants have survived to the present, this change has become a window into the past. The descendants of this woman, characterized by this signpost mutation, went on to form their own group, called L2. Because the ancestor of L2 was herself a member of L1, we can say something about the emergence of these important groups: Eve begat L1, and L1 begat L2. Now we're starting to move down your ancestral line. Haplogroup L2: West Africa Ancestral line: "Eve" > L1/L0 > L2 L2 individuals are found in sub-Saharan Africa, and like their L1 predecessors, they also live in Central Africa and as far south as South Africa. But whereas L1/L0 individuals remained predominantly in eastern and southern Africa, your ancestors broke off into a different direction, which you can follow on the map above. L2 individuals are most predominant in West Africa, where they constitute the majority of female lineages. And because L2 individuals are found at high frequencies and widely distributed along western Africa, they represent one of the predominant lineages in African-Americans. Unfortunately, it is difficult to pinpoint where a specific L2 lineage might have arisen. For an African-American who is L2—the likely result of West Africans being brought to America during the slave trade—it is difficult to say with certainty exactly where in Africa that lineage arose. Fortunately, collaborative sampling with indigenous groups is currently underway to help learn more about these types of questions and to possibly bridge the gap that was created during those transatlantic voyages hundreds of years ago. Haplogroup L3: Out of Africa Ancestral line: "Eve" > L1/L0 > L2 > L3 Your next signpost ancestor is the woman whose birth around 80,000 years ago began haplogroup L3. It is a similar story: an individual in L2 underwent a mutation to her mitochondrial DNA, which was passed onto her children. The children were successful, and their descendants ultimately broke away from the L2 clan, eventually separating into a new group called L3. You can see above that this has revealed another step in your ancestral line. While L3 individuals are found all over Africa, including the southern reaches of sub-Sahara, L3 is important for its movements north. You can follow this movement of the map above, seeing first the expansions of L1/L0, then L2, and followed by the northward migration of L3. Your L3 ancestors were significant because they are the first modern humans to have left Africa, representing the deepest branches of the tree found outside of that continent. Why would humans have first ventured out of the familiar African hunting grounds and into unexplored lands? It is likely that a fluctuation in climate may have provided the impetus for your ancestors' exodus out of Africa. The African Ice Age was characterized by drought rather than by cold. Around 50,000 years ago the ice sheets of northern Europe began to melt, introducing a period of warmer temperatures and moister climate in Africa. Parts of the inhospitable Sahara briefly became habitable. As the drought-ridden desert changed to savanna, the animals your ancestors hunted expanded their range and began moving through the newly emerging green corridor of grasslands. Your nomadic ancestors followed the good weather and plentiful game northward across this Saharan Gateway, although the exact route they followed remains to be determined. Today, L3 individuals are found at high frequencies in populations across North Africa. From there, members of this group went in a few different directions. Some lineages within L3 testify to a distinct expansion event in the mid-Holocene that headed south, and are predominant in many Bantu groups found all over Africa. One group of individuals headed west and is primarily restricted to Atlantic western Africa, including the islands of Cabo Verde. Other L3 individuals, your ancestors, kept moving northward, eventually leaving the African continent completely. These people currently make up around ten percent of the Middle Eastern population, and gave rise to two important haplogroups that went on to populate the rest of the world. Haplogroup N: The Incubation Period Ancestral line: "Eve" > L1/L0 > L2 > L3 > N Your next signpost ancestor is the woman whose descendants formed haplogroup N. Haplogroup N comprises one of two groups that were created by the descendants of L3. The first of these groups, M, was the result of the first great wave of migration of modern humans to leave Africa. These people likely left the continent across the Horn of Africa near Ethiopia, and their descendants followed a coastal route eastward, eventually making it all the way to Australia and Polynesia. The second great wave, also of L3 individuals, moved north rather than east and left the African continent across the Sinai Peninsula, in present-day Egypt. Also faced with the harsh desert conditions of the Sahara, these people likely followed the Nile basin, which would have proved a reliable water and food supply in spite of the surrounding desert and its frequent sandstorms. Descendants of these migrants eventually formed haplogroup N. Early members of this group lived in the eastern Mediterranean region and western Asia, where they likely coexisted for a time with other hominids such as Neandertals. Excavations in Israel's Kebara Cave (Mount Carmel) have unearthed Neandertal skeletons as recent as 60,000 years old, indicating that there was both geographic and temporal overlap of these two hominids. Some members bearing mutations specific to haplogroup N formed many groups of their own which went on to populate much of the rest of the globe. These descendants are found throughout Asia, Europe, India, and the Americas. However, because almost all of the mitochondrial lineages found in the Near East and Europe descend from N, it is considered a western Eurasian haplogroup. After several thousand years in the Near East, members of your group began moving into unexplored nearby territories, following large herds of migrating game across vast plains. These groups broke into several directions and made their way into territories surrounding the Near East. Today, haplogroup N individuals who headed west are prevalent in Turkey and the eastern Mediterranean, they are found further east in parts of Central Asia and the Indus Valley of Pakistan and India. Descendants of these people eventually went on to populate the rest of Europe, and today comprise the most frequent mitochondrial lineages found there. Haplogroup I: Your Branch on the Tree Ancestral line: "Eve" > L1/L0 > L2 > L3 > N > I We finally arrive at your own clan, a group of individuals who descend from a woman in the N branch of the tree. This woman was the common ancestor of what can be described as a western Eurasian lineage, the descendants of whom live in high frequencies in northern Europe and northern Eurasia. As we have seen from haplogroup N, descendants from this western Eurasian lineage used the Near East as a "home base" of sorts, radiating from that region to populate much of the rest of the world. Today, members in the Near East belonging to your haplogroup I have more divergent lineages than those found in northern Europe, indicating a greater time in the Near East for those lineages to accumulate mutations. Therefore, early members of your particular haplogroup likely moved north across the Caucasus, their lineages being carried into Europe for the first time during the middle Upper Paleolithic. This wave of migration into western Europe marked the appearance and spread of what archaeologists call the Aurignacian culture. The culture is distinguished by significant innovations in methods of manufacturing tools, standardization of tools, and a broader set of tool types, such as end-scrapers for preparing animal skins and tools for woodworking. In addition to stone, the first modern humans to reach Europe used bone, ivory, antler, and shells as part of their tool kit. Bracelets and pendants made of shells, teeth, ivory, and carved bone appear at many sites. Jewelry, often an indication of status, suggests a more complex social organization was beginning to develop. Today, only about ten percent of the mitochondrial lineages found in Europe reflect the original early Upper Paleolithic movements into the continent, and about 20 percent reflect the more recent Neolithic movements. The rest of the European mtDNA—including your own lineage—are the result of migrations into Europe during the middle Upper Paleolithic around 25,000 years ago. These took part in the post-glacial re-expansions around 15,000 years ago as the ice sheets receded during the late Upper Paleolithic. http://www.worldfamilies.net/understand_mtdna.htm Humans originated in Africa about 120,000 to 150,000 years ago. The original female to exist in Africa is known as the Mitochrondrial Eve. The "Clan Mothers" or "Daughters of Eve" are descendents of this original Mitochrondrial Eve. http://www.familytreedna.com/public/mtDNA%20I/ Haplogroup I3a HVR1 Motifs: 16086C HVR2 Motifs: 239C, 524.1C, 524.2A http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_I_%28mtDNA%29 In human genetics, Haplogroup I is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. Haplogroup I is found throughout Europe, and also in the Near East. It is believed to have arisen somewhere in Eurasia some 30,000 years before present, and been one of the first haplogroups to move into Europe. Its ancestral haplogroup was Haplogroup N. http://www.kerchner.com/haplogroups-mtdna.htm I: Principally a European haplogroup, haplogroup I is detected at very low frequency across west Eurasia with slightly greater representation in northern and western Europe. Given its wide, but sparse, distribution, [2.37%]* it is likely that it was present in those populations that first colonized Europe. This hypothesis is supported by the estimate its age—approximately 30,000 years. Bonnie Schrack in her mtDNA Haplogroup I project named this mtDNA haplogroup Iris. * FTDNA - mtDNA Haplotype I estimated at 2.37% http://www.ancientrootsresearch.com/Hap-I/Hap-I-home.html According to a 2000 study on "European Founder Lineages "by leading scientists such as Martin Richards, Vincent Macaulay, Brian Sykes, and many others, the mutations that define the I haplography are thought to have arisen between 32,300 and 58,400 years ago. So our Foremother, "Iris," could have lived, say, 43,000 years ago. The question of where she lived is still an unsettled one. There seems to be a strong chance, if we study where descendents are found, that it was in the Northern Middle East. Some of the earliest, Paleolithic settlers of Europe - the Y DNA R1b haplogroup for example - came out of Central Asia, but there are many tell-tale traces of their path from there. Not so with Iris; Only a few of her descendents have ever been found in Central Asia. Stephen Oppenheimer's book, The Real Eve, argues for an origin of many early European settlers in southern and eastern Iran, and in Pakistan. He doesn't speak much of our Haplogroup, but from his maps, he seems to see Iran as the most likely place for the origin of Iris. Wherever Iris originally lived, only a few others -- belonging to haplogroups U5 and HV -- had blazed the trail when her descendents decided to brave the unknown lands to the northwest of their early home. When Iris' descendents first came to Europe, it was probably between 23,500 and 28,000 years ago. We can guess, then, that they must have been participants in the Gravettian culture of that period, known for their reindeer and mammoth hunting, and their female figurines of clay, stone, and ivory, like the ones shown below. http://www.ancientrootsresearch.com/Hap-I/Hap-I-home.html Today we make up a small proportion of the population of European descent. Descendents of Iris appear to make up 4% or less of the population in practically every country where we are found. FTDNA - mtDNA Haplotype I estimated at 2.37% Maternal Genealogy. Grandmother: JOSEPHINE PAULINE GOTTHARDT, b. March 22, 1898, Kingsbury, Guadalupe County, Texas; d. June 08, 1992, Ft. Worth, Tarrant County, Texas. JOSEPHINE PAULINE GOTTHARDT (JOHANN RUDOLPH, ERNST ADOLPH GUSTAV, JACOB WILHELM, JACOB WILHELM, JOHANN CHRISTIANUS, JOHANN HENRICH GOETTHARD, SR., JOHANNES PETER) was born March 22, 1898 in Kingsbury, Guadalupe County, Texas, and died June 8, 1992 in Ft. Worth, Tarrant County, Texas. She married (1) LESLEY ANTON LORENZ, SR. November 3, 1920 in Guadalupe County, Texas, son of ROBERT LORENZ and LOUISA. He was born September 5, 1899 in Texas, and died October 1, 1937 in Staples, Caldwell County, Texas. She married (2) JOESPH AUGUST HAGELGANS December 28, 1945 in Guadalupe County, Texas, son of JACOB HAGELGANS and KATE. He was born September 30, 1909 in Guadalupe County, Texas, and died October 15, 1992 in Ft. Worth, Tarrant County, Texas. More About JOSEPHINE PAULINE GOTTHARDT: Burial: Greenwood Cemetery, Ft. Worth, Tarrant County, Texas. Census: 1920, Staples, Guadalupe County, Texas. More About LESLEY ANTON LORENZ, SR.: Burial: Kingsbury Cemetery, Kingsbury, Guadalupe County, Texas. Census: 1930, Precinct 7 Kingsbury, Guadalupe County, Texas. Military service: 1917, WWI. More About LESLEY LORENZ and JOSEPHINE GOTTHARDT: Marriage: November 3, 1920, Guadalupe County, Texas. More About JOESPH AUGUST HAGELGANS: Burial: Greenwood Cemetery, Ft. Worth, Tarrant County, Texas. Census: 1920, Precinct 6, Guadalupe County, Texas. Social Security Number: 450-22-6352897 Military Service: WWII. More About JOESPH HAGELGANS and JOSEPHINE GOTTHARDT: Marriage: December 28, 1945, Guadalupe County, Texas. Children of JOSEPHINE GOTTHARDT and LESLEY LORENZ are: i. MILTON ANTON LORENZ, b. February 1923, Galle, Texas. ii. RUBY PEARL LORENZ, b. August 1928, Galle, Texas. iii. LILLIE MAE LORENZ, b. February 1932, Galle, Texas. Great grandmother: JOHANN RUDOLPH GOTTHARDT: married JOSEPHINE GERSCHE WEINAUG January 1, 1893 in Guadalupe County, Texas. She was born about 1875 in Texas, and died June 10, 1958. http://ftp.rootsweb.com/pub/usgenweb/tx/guadalupe/vitals/marriages/1892-1893.txt Guadalupe County Marriage Records (1892 - 1893) Guadalupe County, Texas Gotthardt, Rudloph to Miss Josephine Weinaug by W. J. Avriett, J. P. on Jan 01 1893 More About JOHANN RUDOLPH GOTTHARDT: Baptism: May 30, 1869, New Braunfels, Comal County, Texas. Burial: Kingsbury Cemetery, Kingsbury, Guadalupe County, Texas. Census: 1870, New Braunfels, Comal County, Texas. Family Information: New Braunfels, Comal County, Texas. More About JOSEPHINE G. WEINAUG: Burial: Kingsbury Cemetery, Kingsbury, Guadalupe County, Texas. Census: 1920, Staples, Guadalupe County, Texas. 2nd Great Grandmother: FRIEDERICKA (IDA) TIMMERMANN HANSMANN WEINAUG born 1851 Brunswick Germany dying 1919 buried at Brenner Cemetery Guadalupe Co. Texas. Marriage #1: Fredericka Timmermann born 1851 in Brunswick, Germany Married: 12 OCT 1868? in Unknown to Christian Hansmann Marriage #2: Weinang, Carl Wilhelm to Friedricke Hansmann by Albert Kypfer, Pastor - May 17 1874 Guadalupe Co. Texas 1860 Comal Co. Texas Census Series: M653 Roll: 1291 Page: 201 TIMMERMANN, Christian 46 M Farmer 200 Brunswick TIMMERMANN, Wilhelmine 36 F Brunswick TIMMERMANN, Johanne 11 F Brunswick TIMMERMANN, Frederick 8 F Brunswick TIMMERMANN, August 6 M Brunswick TIMMERMANN, Wilhelmine 3 F Texas TIMMERMANN, Caroline 1 F Texas 1870 Comal Co. Texas Series: M593 Roll: 1580 Page: 139 Household #436 Family #449 TIMMERMANN, Christian 55 M W Farmer 1500 350 Brunswick TIMMERMANN, Wilhelmine 46 F W Keeping House Brunswick TIMMERMANN, August 15 M W At home Brunswick TIMMERMANN, Wilhelmine 13 F W Texas TIMMERMANN, Caroline 11 F W Texas TIMMERMANN, Emma 4 F W Texas Family #450 Hansmann, Christian 28 M W Teamster 300 Brunswick Hansmann, Fredericke 19 F W Keeping House Brunswick Hansmann, Wilhelm 10/12 M W Texas http://www.rootsweb.com/~txguadal/marriage5.html Guadalupe County Marriage Records (1874-1875) Weinang, Carl Wilhelm to Friedricke Hansmann by Albert Kypfer, Pastor - May 17 1874 http://www.rootsweb.com/~txguadal/brenner.html Brenner Cemetery Guadalupe County Weinaug, Friedericka 1851 1919 Weinaug, Carl 1843 1909 http://www.rootsweb.com/~txguadal/probate14.html Index to Probate Cases Guadalupe County Name of Deceased, Minor, or Lunatic, Tubercular, D/M/L/T, Date Filed Case No. Weinaug, Frederick D Jan 06 1920 2255 * D not a middle name 1880 US Census IDA WIENER Birth Year <1855> Birthplace GER Age 25 Occupation Keeps House Marital Status M Race W Head of Household Carl WIENER Relation Wife Father's Birthplace GER Mother's Birthplace GER Carl WIENER Birth Year <1844> Birthplace GER Age 36 Occupation Farming Marital Status M Race W Head of Household Carl WIENER Relation Self Father's Birthplace GER Mother's Birthplace GER Carl WIENER Self M Male W 36 GER Farming GER GER Ida WIENER Wife M Female W 25 GER Keeps House GER GER Josephine WIENER Dau S Female W 5 TX GER GER Willie WIENER Son S Male W 4 TX GER GER Minnie WIENER Dau S Female W 2 TX GER GER Source Information: Census Place Seguin, Guadalupe, Texas Family History Library Film 1255308 NA Film Number T9-1308 Page Number 332C 1910 Guadalupe Co. Texas Series: T624 Roll: 1558 Page: 178b WEINAUG WILLIE 33 M W TX TX GUADALUPE 5 J-PCT 1910 Series: T624 Roll: 1558 Page: 48 WEINAUG FREIDA 57 F W Widowed GERM TX GUADALUPE 1-PCT 1910 3rd Great grandmother: WILHELMINE __________ TIMMERMANN born 1824 Brunswick, Germany. http://immigrantships.net/v4/1800v4/ebeaulien18570106.html Immigrant Ships Transcribers Guild Bark E? Beaulien Bremen to Galveston, Texas 6 January 1857 DISTRICT OF GALVESTON - PORT OF GALVESTON CHRISTIAN ZIMMERMAN 41 M Farmer Germany Texas WILHELMINE ZIMMERMAN 33 F Germany Texas HANNA ZIMMERMAN 8 F Germany Texas FRIEDENKE ZIMMERMAN 4 F Germany Texas AUGUST ZIMMERMAN 2 M Germany Texas District of Texas Port of Galveston March 31st 1857 1860 Comal Co. Texas Series: M653 Roll: 1291 Page: 201 TIMMERMANN, Christian 46 M Farmer 200 Brunswick TIMMERMANN, Wilhelmine 36 F Brunswick TIMMERMANN, Johanne 11 F Brunswick TIMMERMANN, Frederick 8 F Brunswick TIMMERMANN, August 6 M Brunswick TIMMERMANN, Wilhelmine 3 F Texas TIMMERMANN, Caroline 1 F Texas 1870 Comal Co. Texas Series: M593 Roll: 1580 Page: 139 Household #436 Family #449 TIMMERMANN, Christian 55 M W Farmer 1500 350 Brunswick TIMMERMANN, Wilhelmine 46 F W Keeping House Brunswick TIMMERMANN, August 15 M W At home Brunswick TIMMERMANN, Wilhelmine 13 F W Texas TIMMERMANN, Caroline 11 F W Texas TIMMERMANN, Emma 4 F W Texas Family #450 Hansmann, Christian 28 M W Teamster 300 Brunswick Hansmann, Fredericke 19 F W Keeping House Brunswick Hansmann, Wilhelm 10/12 M W Texas http://archiver.rootsweb.com/th/read/GERMAN-TEXAN/1998-06/0897934229 Bremer Book P. 859 4. Another Timmermann family, also from Braunshweig, residing in Comal County at the time of the 1860 census enumeration, may have been related, although its head, Christian, born circa 1814, is not believed to have been a brother to Sophie and the rest. Christian and his wife Wilhelmine born circa 1824, in Braunschweig, arrived in Texas from Germany between 1854 and 1857, based on the birthplaces given for their children, the two youngest listed as being born in Texas. The Timmermanns were the parents in 1860 of five children: Johanne, born circa 1849, Friedericke, born circa 1851; August, born circa 1854; Wilhelmine, born circa 1857; and Caroline, born circa 1859.