JOURNAL OF THE GALWAY ARCHÆOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL SOCIETY JGAHS Vol. XXXX. (1985-86), Some 13th Century Castle Sites in the West of Ireland: Note on a Preliminary Reconnaissance, C. J. Lynn, 90-113.

SOME 13TH-CENTURY CASTLE SITES IN THE WEST OF IRELAND:
	NOTE ON A PRELIMINARY RECONNAISSANCE.

C.J. LYNN.
The purpose of this note is to draw attention to a potentially rich body of archaeological data which has not so far received the study which it deserves. The information recovered in a brief survey of the castles is here put on record in the hope of stimulating research and conservation of these and other medieval buildings in the area.
Interest in the Anglo-Norman castles of Connacht arose from the writer's several seasons of excavation at the 13th-century fortress of Green castle on a peninsula in Carlingford Lough, Co. Down. Documentary research suggested that Greencastle was constructed some time before 1252 and not in 1260 as had earlier been supposed. I  There was also a statement in the annals that Greencastle was destroyed in 1260, the same year that Hugh O'Connor of Connacht participated with Brian O'Neill in the Battle of Down, with disastrous results for the Irish host.2 The problems of Greenecastle will be dealt with elsewhere, but it is sufficient to note that the uncertainty about its date of construction gave rise to a search for comparable castles in Ireland, of known date of building. This was in the hope that a group of castles of the same type as Greencastle, with small rectangular hall-keeps set within a quadrilateral curtain wall with projecting D-plan towers at the corners, might be defined and dated.
The castle of Athenry, built by de Bermingham c.1240-50, has been recognized

1. Gaskell Brown, C., Excavations at Greencastle, County Down, 1966-70: Ulster J. Archaeol., 42 (1979), 51-65. Lynn, C. J., Excavations 1970, 1971, 1972, ed. T. Delancy  (Ulster Museum). The first reference to Greencastle is in 1252 when there is a mandate that "the Justiciar of  Ireland allow Adam Thalebot what he has paid out on thc custody of Grccncastle", Close 37 Hen. III, Calendar of Documents Relating to Ireland, vol. i, no. 122.
2. "Arx viridis in Ultonia prosternitur", Annals of  Multyfarnam, Pembridge, etc. 'The battle of Druimderg ... at Dun da leath glas by Brian Ua Neill and Aedh, son of Feidhlimidh against the Foreigners of thc North of Ireland wherein were killed many of the nobles of the Gaidhil, namelv Brian Ua Neill..." etc.. anno 1260, Annals of Ulster.ed. B. MacCarthy (HMS0, Dublin, 1893).

91 CASTLE SITES IN THE WEST OF IRELAND.

as the closest relatively intact parallel for Greencastle, and D. M. Waterman has drawn attention to other small hall-keeps of the mid- 13th century in Ireland.3 There are no clear-cut comparisons for Greencastle in Ulster; Seafin Castle 4 is smaller, dissimilar and of uncertain date, and no 13th-century masonry survives at the historically important site of Cael Uisce, built in 1252 on a hill overlooking the ford at Belleek on the Erne. 5 A search was made of the annals and other sources to see if Greencastle, already called 'viride castrum regis' in the earliest Anglo-Norman reference (C.D.I., loc. cit. in note 1), was mentioned under another name, so far unidentified, in an Irish source. This search was fruitless in relation to its original purpose but was informative in other ways. It became clear that many castles were constructed by the Normans west of the Shannon after 1235, their actual year of construction often being given in the annals (of Connacht/Lough Key mainly). But even more interesting, the destructions of these same castles were mentioned frequently towards the end of the 13th century. In some cases the buildings seem never to have been reoccupied, in others Norman reoccupation or transition to native Irish ownership was possible. The castles therefore mirror almost exactly the Norman occupation of Connacht and the fairly rapid Gaelic resurgence at the end of the 13th century.
Apart from some of the larger royal castles, few of these sites have received notice in the archaeological literature, and indeed it can be pointed out that publications of adequate plans, elevations, photographs and descriptions even of some large and important castles are lacking. The condition of the buildings themselves gives rise to greater dismay. It is not, however, the large examples like Rinnduin, Roscommon and Ballintober which concern us here, but the more numerous, and relatively neglected, smaller baronial castles, built after the grant ofConnacht to Richard de Burgh in 1227. It was realized that here lay an important, untapped potential source of well-dated architectural evidence, and it was decided, because of the lack of published information, to visit as many of the sites as possible and to see if any 13th-century remains could be traced. As a prelimi-

3. Waterman, D. M.. An Archaeological Survey of County Down (HMSO, Belfast, 1966). 120; Waterman, I). "Rectangular keeps of the 13th century at Grenan (Kilkenny) and Glanworth (Cork)". J. Roy. Soc. Antiq. Ireand, 98 (1968, 67 73. Moylough. Co. Galway, op. cit. in note 10.
4. An Archaeological Survey of County Down  (HMSO, Belfast, 1966), 219--20.
5. This castle was built by Maurice Fitzgerald and was destroyed in 1257 by Geoffrey O'Donnell. In the following year, 1258. an important meeting took place at this strategic site when Hugh O'Connor and Tadhg O'Brian "and all these nobles gave the arch-headship to Brian O'Neill", Annals of Ulster, ed. B. MacCarthy (Dublin, 1893). The probable site of this castle is in Co. Donegal, overlooking the ford at Belleek (grid ref. G918589). Nothing now remains of the 13th-century castle. A tower-house type castle was apparently built on the site in the later middle ages which was itself supplanted by an artillery fort, dismantled in the 1920s.

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nary step, a fuller search was made of the more easily accessible literature to gather at long range some information about the castles, and to try and pin down their locations using 1-inch-to-the-mile O.S. maps. In this documentary work, and in the brief field survey which resulted during 1975, I was ably partnered by Mr. Greg Marsden of Comber, Co. Down.
It is important to note a couple of points at this stage. Firstly, the buildings were examined for purposes of architectural comparison only. Secondly, there is frequently confusion among various sources as to where a particular site mentioned historically actually lay, and it has not always been possible to do the necessary research and fieldwork to decide which, if any, suggested location is correct. In some cases the same site may have been mentioned under different names.

SUMMARY OF 13TH-CENTURY REFERENCES TO CASTLES IN WESTERN IRELAND 
(Locations in Fig. 1)

The list below contains outline details of all the castles noted in the search of the historical sources; most of these are west of the Shannon, but a few interesting sites on the east have been included. For those sites which were visited a note is added about the location and any visible remains. Apology must be made for the variety of Irish spellings used in references to single sites. I have tried to retain the
spelling used in the quoted sources, many of which differ in the Irish rendering of the name (and sometimes in the English).
ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE LIST

A.C.: Annila Connacht (The Annals of Connacht), edited by A.. M. Freeman (Dublin, 1944) .
A.F.M.: Annila Rioghachta Eireann (The Annals of the Four Masters), edited by John O'Donovan (Dublin, 1854).
A.L.C.: Annila Loch Ci (The Annals of Lough Key), edited by W. M. Hennessy (London, 1871).
Harbison, P., Guide to the National Monuments of Ireland (Dublin, 1970).
Leask, H. G., Irish Castles and Castellated Houses (Dundalk, 1964).
Orpen, G. H., Ireland Under the Normans, 1216 1333, vols iii, iv (Oxford, 1920). 
Shell Guide: Killanin, Lord and Duignan, M. V., The Shell Guide to Ireland (London, 2nd edition, 1967).

1. Caislin (Lias)-aird-abhla. Lisardowlin townland, parish of Templemichael, Co. Longford. 1377, "The castle of Lis-ard-abhla was erected by John O'Ferrall, Lord of Annaly' (A.F.M.). In a footnote O'Donovan says that the name means "the fort

93 CASTLE-SITES IN THE WEST OF IRELAND.

of the height, or hill of the apple trees", and that the townland lies about 3 miles E. of the town of Longford, the road from Longford to Edgeworthstown passing through it. 'Near its centre there is a curious moat and rampart from which no doubt it derived its name'. This site is listed because it appears to be mentioned again at a much earlier date: 1244, 'Aed mac Cathail Chrobdeirg marched with a great force to the castle of Ard Abla in Tethba. They prevailed against, burning and slaying every Gall and Gael they found therein' (A.C.). Possibly the first reference is to the 'curious moat and rampart' (?motte) and the later, fourteenth century reference could be to a tower-house type castle, but ifso it would be a very early example. The site was not visited.
2. C. Raith Aird Craibi. Ardcree, in Annaghmore demesne, par. of Kilvarnet, Co. Sligo (index to A.C.). Probably built c. 1244 by Maurice Fitzgerald (Orpen, iii, 196). Burned and destroyed by Hugh O'Connor in 1265 (A.C., A.F.M.). According to O'Donovan (A.F.M., footnote 0 to year 1265), the name is now obsolete. Search in and around the demesne and local enquiry revealed no trace of a castle or a reputed site.
3. C. Ard na Riad. Ardnaree Castle on the river Moy opposite Ballina, Co. Mayo (index to A.C.). 1266, burnt by Domhnall O'hEgra, king of Luighne (A.L.C.). 1266, 'Donnell O'Hara was killed by the English while he was in the act of burning Ardnarea' (A.F.M.). A footnote states that Ardnaree meant 'the hill of executions' and that it may now be said to form the eastern part of the town of Ballina, Co. Mayo. Orpen (iii, 200-1) says that the English seem to have maintained themselves here until 1371, when the castles of Ardnarea and Castleconor were taken by O'Dowd, and the English in them driven out (A.F M. 1371), but that Ardnarea appears to have been held by Burkes long after this, quoting A.L.C. 1532-3. Not visited.
4. C. Ard-rathain. Ardrahan, Co. Galway. 'Around 1240 small thriving towns grew up around the castles of Ardrahan and Kilcolgan' (Orpen, iii, 205-6). 1258, 'burnt during a war between the Foreigners and Conchobhar O'Briain' (A.L.C.). 1264, 'MacWilliam (Walter de Burgh, Earl of Ulster) took the castles of Ardrahan and Lough Mask into his own keeping' (A.C.). Leask (72-3) notes that at Ardrahan are remains of a small keep, built upon earthworks and therefore dating possibly to some time around the middle of the 13th century. A photograph of the inside of the keep taken during a casual visit some years ago shows that the keep was c.8.5m high to a battlemented wall-walk on the longer N. side. A hollowed groove, 2m. below the wall-walk, appears to represent an upper second floor above the main first floor apartment. A row of separate beam-holes would be more usual as floor supports, but it is unlikely that the roof sloped down to this level against the wall face as drainage holes seem to be lacking. The E. and S.

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walls are absent and the W. gable, though relatively intact, is obscured by bushes. This main first floor apartment appears to have been entered by a door at the E. end of the N. wall, subsequently blocked. I recollect also a ruined structure against the outside of the N. wall which may have been forebuilding. The W. wall may not be original and the N. wall appeared to continue as foundations to the W. past its N. end. There are traces of subsequent alterations, but the original keep probably dates from the middle of the 13th century. The surviving remains of the keep stand on a slight mound, some of which may be its own rubble, inside a quadrilateral ruined wall of uncertain date. These few details are of some importance as the N. wall fell down in a storm in January 1983 (E. Rynne, pers. comm.). The site was surveyed and photographed shortly before the collapse by Mr. P. Holland in the course of work for a postgraduate degree in University College, Galway.
5. C. Atha Angaile. In 1263 Walter de Burgh built a castle at Ath Anghaile somewhere in Corran (Orpen, iii, 243: A.L.C.). In a footnote Orpen continues. 'It probably stood at a ford over the Owenmore river, near where it leaves the Templehouse lake, which appears to have been formerly known as Lough Awnally (Ath anghaile). It was near to, but distinct from, the castle of Tech Templa mentioned in 1271'. 1270, 'razed' by Hugh O'Connor (A.C.). No search made for the site.
6. C. Atha in Chip. An important ford, probably near Carrick-on-Shannon, Co. Leitrim. 1245, 'The castle of Ath-in-chip, on the border of Magh-Nisse, was built by Milidh Mac Goisdelbh' (Miles de Nangle) (A.C.). However, in 1247 de Nangle himself was driven with the whole clan Costello from the woods of Conmaicne in S. Leitrim by the sons of Hugh O'Connor (Orpen, iii, 35-6). Presumably the castle was pulled down or abandoned at this time. A brief search was made for the site near Carrick-on-Shannon, without success.
7. C. Atha Liacc. Athleague castle on the river Suck, Co. Roscommon. 1221, Walter de Lacy attempted to build a castle at Athleague, where there was a ford across the Shannon [sic] just above the entrance of the river into Lough Ree. The name is partly preserved in Ballyleague, as the western suburb of Lanesborough is called' (Orpen, iii, 36), 1227, built by Geoffrey de Mareys (A.C.). 1271, broken down by Hugh O'Connor (A.C.). The area around Lanesborough was searched briefly, but this would appear to have been an error. According to the Shell Guide
(p. 76) there are ruins of a castle at Athleague built to command the crossing of the Suck.
8. Ballinacourty, 5 miles SE. of Galway. Orpen (iii, 192) says that Richard de Burgh formed a small manor in Ballinacourty where the land juts out into the bay to the SE. of the town, and in a footnote states that the manor appears as 'the land

95  CASTLE-SITES IN THE WEST OF IRELAND.

of Metherye' when restored to the second Richard de Burgh in 1247, and that near the church of Ballinacourty 'are the remains of the basement of an early castle'. Not visited.
9. Ballylahan, Co. Mayo. The S. half of the cantred of Luighne was apparently given by Hugh de Lacy to Jordan of Exeter. In a portion of this land, in what is now the barony of Gallen in Co. Mayo, Jordan formed the manor of Athlethan, now Ballylahan, where the ruins of a 13th-century castle still stand on a spur projecting from the high ground above a ford on the Moy (Orpen, iii, 197-8). Leask (p. 72) states that the castle is small and irregular in plan with a double-towered gate-building but lacking flanking towers, suggesting an earlier date for the main building than for the gate building, 'which can hardly be earlier than about 1260'. Not visited.
10. C. Benn-fhada. Banada, Co. Sligo. Probably built around 1244 by Maurice Fitzgerald (Orpen, iii, 195-6). 1265, burned and demolished by Hugh O'Connor, but according to Orpen (loc. cit., fn. 2) was probably rebuilt. The place was presumably in English hands in 1299 (Orpen, iv, 119).
The O.S. 6in. map (Sligo, sheet 37) revealed no sign of a castle in the immediate vicinity of Banada although a castle site is marked 1 mile to the NE. in Tullanaglug, near the confluence of a small stream with the river Moy on the E. side, Local enquiry reveal no tradition of a castle site in Banada itself but we were advised to visit the 'old abbey', built near the W. bank of the Moy approximately 100m N. of the modern bridge at Banada. As there was not time to visit another potential castle site, it was decided to have a look at the abbey but, in the circumstances, we had done no research into its history, The main site of the abbey is now occupied by a modern graveyard, and the only significant part of the ecclesiastical building which survives is the E. end or chancel (Fig. 2). The chancel, at the same level internally as the graveyard on the W., projected out across a steep bank near the river's edge, and the ground level outside was as much as 3m. lower than the level inside (which approximated to the original floor level). It was difficult at first to understand why the chancel should have been built out in this way, necessitating a great deal of extra building, but on looking out through the N. window of the chancel (Fig, 2, J) it was apparent that it had been built on the ruins of an earlier structure which had a base batter 1.5m. high, which was not aligned exactly on the wall of the 'abbey', and which was built of coarser, random rubble masonry (Fig. 2, plan and section J-I). It appeared very likely that the 'abbey' had been built on the ruins of the castle which we sought.

6. Gwynn, A. and Hadcock, R. N., Medieva1 Religious Houses: Ireland (London, 1970), :296. 
7. K.nok,  H. T. The History of the County Mayo. (Duhlin, 1968), 103-4.

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97  CASTLE-SITES IN THE WEST OF IRELAND.

The surviving architectural details of the abbey indicated a date for its construction in the 15th century and this was borne out by documentary references: 'The monastery of Corpus Christi was founded in 1423 ... There were already "the seven towers of Banada" (presumably a castle) which were converted into a monastery for the friars ... In 1445 an indulgence was granted to those visiting and giving alms, the church and house having been begun recently, but a cloister, refectory, sacristy, chapter house, bell-tower, books, etc., were still needed'.6 (It is possible that these other offices were never completed.) The conversion of the Fitzgerald castle into the friary seems to have been well-known, therefore,7 but it would appear that physical confirmation of the tradition, with the discovery that the stump of part of the castle was still visible, has not been made until now. The only part of the castle surviving is the battered lower walling under the friary chancel in the N. side. On the E. and S. the base of the friary/castle wall was obscured by undergrowth and rubble, and the modern graveyard occuped the W. part of the area. It is possible that the site selected for the friary was so restricted by the hill slope that, in order to retain an approximate E.-W. orientation for the church, it was necessary to use the stump of the keep as a revetment to project the chancel beyond the slope. The rest of the castle must have constituted a convenient source of building material, and it was not possible to deduce any further information about the castle's plan. Perhaps the castle was sited close to the river in order to secure an important crossing point.
It is difficult to make sense of the reference to the 'seven towers of Banada' in a medieval bardic poem, implying as it does a large and extensive castle. We might conclude that somewhat fanciful poetic licence is involved, especially as remains of only one tower (rectangular), perhaps the keep, were noted. On the other hand, the castle must have been of greater extent than the single tower base noted and, even if not of large size, could have been of similar plan to other mid 13th-century Irish castles, e.g. Greencastle, Co. Down. If this was so, it may have had a small quadrilateral curtain wall with an angle-tower at each corner (4 towers), with perhaps a double-towered gatehouse (2 towers) and a keep (1 tower), giving a total of seven which would accord with the number stated in the poem. This is becoming a rather far-fetched speculation, but it is perhaps worth pointing out that the tall, thin curtain walls of a castle are the simplest parts to throw down in order to render a castle defenceless, and are usually the first parts to crumble through natural decay. If the castle was of the plan suggested above, it is quite possible that the walls had deteriorated substantially by the early 15th century, giving the appearance of seven isolated towers.
	A further find of interest is worth noting briefly. Lying among tumbled stones immediately to the N. of the chancel a fine 15th-century-style relief carving (pos-

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sibly a label-stop) of a female head with elaborate folded head-dress was found (Pl. t). As the stone might easily have been removed from the site, it was concealed to the N. of the church with the knowledge of the custodian. (Mr. C. Scally informs me that it has now been built into a prominent and safe position on the chancel wall.)
11. C. Brig. Brees in the parish of Mayo, barony of Claremorris, Co. Mayo. The barony of Clanmorris in Co.Mayo takes its name from a Maurice whose descendants were called Clann Muiris na mBrigh, i.e. Clan Maurice of Brees Castle in this barony. This eponymous Maurice may have been a Prendergast or possibly a Fitzgerald. 'The castle of Brees was strongly situated on a hill '" Some tumbled ruins of it remain. It continued for many centuries to be the chief centre of the MacMorrises of Mayo' (Orpen, iii, 209-11). I have not found a reference to the castle in the 13th century, but it is likely that one was built at that time. The remains on inspection might, however, prove to be those of a later replacement. The site was not visited.
12. C. Bona Finne. Bunnina, parish of Drumard, barony of Tireragh, Co. Sligo. There can be little doubt that Hugh de Lacy gave the cantred of Tireragh to Piers de Bermingham. The whole district eastwards from the R. Moy to Ballysadare Bay was called 'Mac Feorais's Country' as early as 1249. Mac Feorais was the Irish name for descendants of Piers de Bermingham. The principal castle were at Ardnaree and Castleconor, but was another at Bunnina near Ballysadare Bay (Orpen, iii, 200). 1310, burnt and plundered by 'Ruaidhri and Aedh son of Maghnus and the followers of Aedh Brefnech' (A.C.). According to O'Donovan (A.F.M., fn. s.a. 1308), 'Bunfinne is now anglicized Bunnina, which is the name
of a townland in the parish of Drumard ... It is so called from its situation at the mouth of a small stream called the Finn'. Not visited.
13. Castleconor, on the river Moy. One of the principal castles of MacFeorais's country (Orpen, iii, 200). Presumably not the 'Caislen Meic Conchobair' at Castletown in the parish of Drumcliff, Co. Sligo, mentioned in 1316 (A.C.). Not visi ted.
14. C. Mor (Meic Gosdelbh). Castlemore in the barony of Costello, half mile WSW. of Ballaghaderreen, Glebe townland, Co. Roscommon. Slieve Lugha was held by Miles de Nangle or MacCostello at his death in 1259. The principal castle in the barony was known as Castlemore Costello and was very famous. 1336, Turlough O'Connor, 'king ofConnacht ... captured and destroyed the Great Castle of MacGoisdelb. The mercenary garrison came out under the protection of MacDiarmata' (A.C.). In 1595 the warders surrendered the castle to O'Donnell (A.F.M.). No direct reference has been found to Castlemore in the 13th century but it is likely that one was built then, and according to A.C. this was the castle of Sliabh-

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lugha razed by O’Connor in 1270. 

The presumed site of the castle (Fig.3) is adjacent on thc N. to the road from Ballaghaderreen to Kilkelly. Immediately on the opposite side of the road are the ruins of an ancient church and graveyard. The small grassy field in which the castle remains lie is covered in small grassy humps apparently concealing the ruined foundations of walling and heaps of rubble. It would appear that masonry buildings have not only been demolished, but that parts of’the site have actually been quarried away. The most obvious feature of the site is a little knoll at the NW. side on which stand parts of the lower courses of’masonry walling of a small rectangular building, approximately 11m. by 16m. externally with walls 2m thick. There is a steep drop on the N and here the walling is carried down approximately to the general level of the field as a base batter. The entire SE. corner has been removed, but these remains evidently represent the base of a small keep or castle tower. At the base of the slope on the S. are traces of another rectangular building, and to the E. of the tower-footings a couple of large dislocated blocks of mortared masonry lie in the ward. The perimeter of the N. side of the site is formed by a 45m length of grass-grown walling which returns southwards at the W. and E. ends. This could well represent the line of a curtain wall. but it apparently lacks angle-towers. The perimeter of the ward is less clearly marked on the W, where there is simply a steep slope, and on the S, where there is a more gradual slope with some traces of walling surviving at the top. There appears to be a re-entrant at the SE. angle, but the line of the outer enclosure is here very confused. It is possible that the original entrance was here. 

In view of the castle’s long history it is not certain that any of the visible features date from the 13th century but it is quite likely, even if the castle was destroyed and rebuilt several times, that the lines of original walling would be used in later reconstruction. This is a site where there are ruins worthy of preservation and exploration. A series of small trial trenches would undoubtedly reveal the true plan and character of the walls and perhaps also produce dating evidence. As it stands, the general plan of the site may be taken cautiously to support a 13th century origin for the castle. 

15. C. Cera, Co. Mayo. Adam de Staunton. lord of Moone in Co. Kildare, obtained the cantred of Cera, i.e. the S. part of the barony of’Carra. In 1274 we read of Clan Adam (Staunton) and “the English of Cera” (A.F.M.). The names Castlecarra and Burriscarra indicate the 13th century manorial centres (Orpen-iii, 215). According to Harbison (p. 170) the present remains consist of a three- storeyed tower standing in a strongly fortified bawn with one rounded corner turret. Much of the present building would appear to be 15th century, but it 
 
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CASTLE  SITES  lN THE WEST OF  IRELAND.
 
undoubtedly incorporates older fragments,’ Not visited. 

16. Cluain-Suilinn, Cloonsellan, parish ol Kilteevan, barony of Ballintober, Co, Roscommon. 1261,  Felirn O’Connor’s  Stronghold (Longport) at Cloonsellan was burned (A.C., A.F.M.). The destruction of Hugh O’Connor’s longport by the rnen of Breifne, probably at Drumsna, is also recorded this year (A.F.M.). The use of’the word longphort, as distinct from caislin, is interesting at this date.  It would be of great interest to identify the site, but there was no opportunity for a visit.

17. C. Conmaicnc Cuile, In the barony of Kilmaine, S. of the river Robe, Co. Mayo (A.C., index). 1238, built by an unspecified baron (A.C.). No search was made for the site.

18. Dun Mugdord. Doon Castle, parish of Aghagower, near Westport, Co. Mayo. 1235, “the Galls Afterwards carne to Doon Castle and sent emissaries to Magnus..." (A,C., A.F.M).  Neither source in the original text specifies a castle, and the Dun may be a place-name element derived frorn an earlier fortification. Not visited. 

19. C. Duin Imdhain. Dunamon, Co. Roscommon. 1232, Adam de Staunton began building the castle (A.C.). l233, broken down by Felim O’Connor (A.C.), 1315, burned by Ruaidhri, etc. (A.C.). A 15th or 16th century style castle, still in use (as a religious house), rnay occupy the site. 

20. C. Dun Mor. Dunmore, Co. Galway, 1249, “bumed by the king’s sons”, the castle is not specified (A.C.), “The castle of Dunmore is situated on an artificially shaped mound, presumably the site of the Irish dun. A small town grew up around it which was enclosed within walls in 1280” (Orpen, iii, 211-212), Piers de Bermingham was presumably the first grantee of the barony of Dunmore. 1284, Dunmore was burned by Fiachra O’Flainn (A.C.). Harbison (p.91) states that the first castle here was built by de Bermingham in 1225, but that the present castle is probabiy later than the burning by Rory O’Connor in 1315. It is a rnassive rectangular tower of four storeys situated on a motte with the remains of a surrounding wall. Protessor E. Rynne (pers. comm,) suggests that this castle could well be of mid-13th-century date because of its similarity to that at Athenry. Not visited. 

2I . C, Bun Gaillmhe. Galway. 1230, Richard de Burgh and his allies proceeded First to the castle (perhaps an O’Flaherty stronghold) of Bun-Gaillme (A.C.). 1232, the castle of Bun-Gaillmhe was erected by Richard de Burgh (A.C.). 1233, broken down by Felim O’Connor (A.C.), 1247, burned by “Toirdhelbhach son of Aedh O’Connor and the king’s sons of Connacht" (A.C.). 1271, Walter Burke died in Galway castle after a victory of repentance...’ (A.C.). Presumably nothing survives. 

22. Garradice Lough, Co. Leitrim. 1257, the stone castle (cloch) of  Cherry Island on 

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Garradice Lough was burned by O'Ruairc, who allowed the garrison to depart under a promise (A.C.).
23. C. na Cailligi. Hag's Castle, on Hag Island, L. Carra Co. Mayo (index to A.C.), but Orpen (iii, 180) suggests that the castle was in Lough Mask and was granted to Richard de Burgh in 1247 with the islands in the lake (iii, 193. n. t).1233, destroyed by Felim O'Connor (A.C., A.F.M.). According to O'Donovan (A.F.M., s.a. 1233, fn. c), 'it stands on an artificial island on the E. side of Lough Mask, said to have been formed by dropping stones into the lake'. A footnote to mention of the castle in A.F.M. s.a. 1195 states that it is situated in Lough Mask, 'and is a round enclosure of great extent'. Not visited.
24. C. na Circe. Hen's Castle. According to Orpen (iii, 180) and Harbison (p. 88) in Lough Corrib, Co. Galway, but A.C. (index) suggests Castle Kirk Island, Lough Carra, Co. Mayo, but this must be an error. 1233, 'Fedhlim mac Cathail Crobdeirg ... broke down the castles that had been built by the power of the sons of Ruadhri and MacWilliam Burke .., Bun Gaillme, Hen's Castle', etc. (.A.C.) The castle is a National Monument, and according to Harbison (p. 88) it is rectangular with square towers at each corner and an oblong tower in the S. wall, the keep covering almost the entire island. Allegedly built by Felim O'Connor in 1235.
This dramatically sited castle, at the N. end of a small rocky island, was visited briefly in 1982. A grassy platform occupying the S. end of the island may have served as an outer ward, but in the circumstances a curtain wall was clearly considered unnecessary. The island lies c. 200m offshore and is surrounded by deep wa ter.
The rectangular keep (Pl. 2) has a square tower at each corner, but these are little more than exaggerated angle-buttresses and the entire structure is ruined to below wall-walk level. The angle-towers at the W. and part of the S. wall have a gradual base batter which, in some places at least, seems to have been added. It is possible that the original batter did not rise so high and was more steeply inclined. The neatly cut quoins in parts of the angle-towers and the dressings of the tall loops on the ground and first floors suggest that there may have been some refurbishing in the 15th century. There is clear evidence internally that the loops in the N. wall of the first floor have been inserted. In some places there are patches of recent-looking cement. In plan and size this small keep well matches others of mid- 13th-century date.
Of greatest interest is the entrance in the S. angle where, however, the corner tower or buttress is lacking. Here the SW. wall thickens and a stair leads from ground level to a small chamber at first floor level entered through a pointed-arch doorway at the top of the stairs, giving access to the main apartment on the right.
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The antechamber was illuminated by a loop in the SW. outer wall. Rebates at the bottom of the stair give evidence for a strong door in the SE. gable. Outside the door is a deep hollow beyond which an isolated masonry pier, at the level of the island platform, suggests that the door was approached across a small wooden bridge, probably movable. This arrangement suggests that what was in effect a forebuilding was contrived into the thickened SW. wall. Another small masonry structure was butted into the S. side of this forebuilding, but can now be seen only as ragged bonding on the wall of the keep. On the NE. wall of the keep is an arched latrine chute. The ground floor of the castle is choked with fallen masonry.
This picturesque site is easily reached by boat from the E. shore and would well repay detailed study, internal clearance (rather difficult without a ground floor door), and excavation.
25. Kilcolgan, a hamlet on the Galway-Gort road, 2 miles S. of Clarinbridge, Co. Galway (Shell Guide). In 1241 Maurice Fitzgerald obtained a grant of a market and fair at Kilcolgan. Small thriving towns grew up around the castles of Ardrahan and Kilcolgan (Orpen, iii, 206). 1258, Cill-Colgan burnt during a war between the foreigners and Conchobar O'Briain (A.L.C.), but a castle is not specified.
26. C. Cille Colmain. Kilcolman, barony of Costello, Co. Roscommon. According to O'Donovan (A.F.M., s. a. 1270, fn. 0), Kilcolman castle stood near the old church of Kilcolman in the barony of Costello, that is approximately 1 mile NE. of the modern town of Ballaghaderreen and not much further from Castlemore. 1270, razed by Hugh O'Connor (A.C.). 1284, 'knocked down by Cathal mac Conchobhar Ruaidh, king of Connacht' (A.C.). 13 15, razed by Ruaidhri (Son of Cathal Ruadh O'Conchobhair) (A.C.). A brief search of the area revealed no trace of the castle.
27. C. Lece Dergi. Leckderg, E. of the Shannon and probably in Muinter Eoluis (S. Leitrim and N. Longford) (A.C., index). 1247, demolished by Cathal and Turlough O'Connor. Not visited.
28. C. Loch-riach. Loughrea, Co. Galway. Richard de Burgh's principal manor was at Loughrea, where the castle which he built in 1236 became the chief seignorial seat of the lordship (Orpen, iii, 191). Not visited.
29. Lough Mannin, Co. Galway. 'John FitzThomas of Desmond held the lands of Kerry Loch-narney under Maurice de Londres, who may have been the first grantee ... These lands were about Lough Mannin, where on a small peninsula there are some remarkable earthworks and masonry resembling, on a smaller scale, the keep of Shanid, and seeming to date from the 13th century ... Lough Glinn castle, in the adjoining Co. Roscommon, is also said to have been built by the Geraldines' (Orpen, iii, 202-3).

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30. Lough Key, Co. Roscommon. The castle of the Rock or MacDermot's fortress. There is a long and very interesting account of a siege on this island in the Annals of Lough Key in 1235 by the justiciar Maurice Fitzgerald. The use of siege engines mounted on rafts and covered with protecting galleries is implied. The siege was successful when the houses of the neighbouring settlement of Ardcarne were demolished and used to make a fleet of burning rafts to float out to the island (Orpen, iii, 183-4.) That a masonry castle existed, as opposed to a stone fort or palisaded crannog-type structure, is implied by the fact that after the siege it was garrisoned by the Normans, one of whom locked the rest out after three weeks and returned the fortress to Irish hands. This would be unlikely unless the 'castle' was surrounded by a secure masonry wall which had been undamaged as a result of the earlier siege. The reputed site was visited but no trace of early masonry was found, although the island is occupied by a folly-like castle. The site appears to have been an important fortress of the MacDermots until at least the end of the 15th century when there are notices of its capture, e.g. 1478, '... Ruaidri went upon Croghan in opposition to Conchobar Mac Diarmata, the present king, and encamped about the Rock and besieged it. Engines (once again), constructed by wrights brought from Fermanagh, were sent to him and the only sone of Mac Diarmata was killed by an arrow shot out of one of these engines' (A.C.).
31. C. Locha Mesca. Lough Mask, parish of Ballinchalla, barony of Kilmaine, Co. Mayo. Here Maurice Fitzgerald probably built a castle in 1238, and in 1244 received a grant of free chase and warren. 1264, the castle of Lough Mask taken by MacWilliam (de Burgh) (A.C.). According to Knox (p. 103) the early castle of Lough Mask was replaced by "a fortified house in the early 17th century,8 and the site is described thus in the Shell Guide (p. 86): '4 miles SW. (of Ballinrobe) are the ruins of Lough Mask castle. The first "castle of Lough Mask"  was built by Maurice Fitzgerald in the 13th century. The existing castle is a MacWilliam (Burke) fortress of 1480. It was re-edified in 1618 by Sir Thomas Burke, last MacWilliam Iochtair'. This castle is presumably to be distinguished from Hag's Castle (see above, no. 23) which was granted to de Burgh in 1247. Not visited.
32. MacHenry's Castle. 1248, 'The son of Manus and the son of Con or Roe rose up together against the English. The castle of MacHenry, i.e. of Piers Poer, was burned by them and its constable taken prisoner. They carried the spoils of the north of Umallia along with them to (the islands called) Inse Modha (a cluster of islands in Clew Bay, between the baronies of Murrisk and Erris in the county of Mayo)' (A.F.M.). Orpen (iii, 222, fn. 2) points out that MacHenry was probably 

8 Op. cit. in note 7.

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Henry le Boteler, not Piers Poer. The castle may have been in the vicinity of Burrishoole, Co. Mayo.
33. C. Milice (na Sinna). Meelick, barony of Longford, Co. Galway. 1203, church of Meelick used to form the core of a motte, and a castle was probably erected here in 1229 by Richard de Burgh (Orpen, iii, 175-6). 1235, broken down by Felim O'Connor (A.C.). A castle was in existence before 1316, in which year it was again broken down (A.C.). Not visited.
34. C. Muinter Murchada, in the N. half of the barony of Clare, Co. Galway. 1238, castle erected by an unspecified baron (A.C.).
35. C. Muille Uanach, probably in Onagh townland in the parish of Taghmaconnell, on the E. side of the river Suck due W. of Athlone (Orpen, iii, 186). 1238, 'The castle at Onagh was built at this time as a stronghold against the men of Connacht' (A.C.). 1270, Onagh burned by Hugh O'Connor (A.C.). Not visited. 
36. C. Rinn Duin, on a peninsula on the W. shore of Lough Ree, Co. Roscommon. 1227, erected by Geoffrey de Marisco. 1236, attacked by Felim O'Connor. 1270, burned by Hugh O'Connor. Not visited as part of this survey, it being considered that the castle is too large and well known. However, no adequate published architectural description is known to the writer, and a detailed study of the buildings would form a valuable project in itself. (Unfortunately, these remarks also apply to the large castles of Roscommon, Ballymote and Ballintober.)
37. C. Rosa Comain. Roscommon. 1262, the Lord Justice of Ireland and John de Verdun marked out a place for a castle at Roscommon (A.F.M., A.C.). 1269, the Justiciar and the foreigners of Erinn erected a castle at Roscommon (A.C.). 1270, burned by Hugh O'Connor (A.L.C.). 1272, broken down by Hugh O'Connor. 1277, thrown down by the son of Felim and by Donal O'Donnell and the Connacht men (A.L.C.).
38. C. Slicig. Sligo. 1245, built by Maurice Fitzgerald. 1248, attacked by O'Donnell. 1265, demolished by Hugh O'Connor. 1269, rebuilt by Mac Maurice Fitzgerald. 1270, burnt by O'Donnell and the Cenel Conaill. 1271, broken down by Hugh O'Connor, ete. (A.F.M, A.C., A.L.C.).
39. C. Suicin, probably near the head of the river Suck in Co. Mayo. 1245, erected (A.F.M., A.L.C.).
40. C. Tech Templa. Templehouse, Co. Sligo. 1271, broken down by Hugh O'Connor (A.C.). According to the Shell Guide there are some remains of a castle near the N. end of Templehouse Lake. The O.S. 6in map (Sligo, sheet 33) shows some walls and buildings marked 'Templehouse castle, in ruins' immediately to the W. of the N. end of the lake; just over 100m to the N. of this site stands the large mansion of Temple House, residence of the Percival family, to whom I am grateful for permission to visit the ruined castle in their grounds.

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The very tumble-down and overgrown remains comprise a courtyard or bawn wall, presumably quadrilateral, of which only the E. and N. sides are extant. The date of the original construction of this wall is uncertain as it is difficult to relate to other features, and it may of course have been rebuilt. It appears, however, to predate a small 15th/16th-century-style gate-tower let into the N. wall. Inside the SE. extremity of the enclosure are the crumbled and overgrown remains ofa 17th century brick house. The S. side of the enclosure, ward or bawn is missing, but a large tree has fallen along its likely line and entangled in the bottom of the uprooted stump was a large block of mortared masonry approximately 1.5m wide, showing a built face on each side, evidently indicating the position of the S. side of the enclosure. The castle lies c. 50m from the marshy edge of the lake and it is possible that it was originally surrounded by a wet moat.
For purposes of the present study, the most interesting features of the site were the remains of a small, rectangular, rubble masonry keep occupying the W. side of the enclosure. The structure (Fig. 4; Pl. 3), 22m by 12m externally, stood almost to its full height on the N., E. and S. sides, but the W. side had fallen away completely. The structure lacks architectural detail but could be of 13th-century date although it has been much altered subsequently, particularly in the 15th century. The ground floor, with its E. wall 2m thick and N. wall almost 2.5m thick, was apparently divided by an inserted longitudinal wall, probably to support a stone barrel vault under the first floor. A small building, seemingly original, was attached on the S. side, and it is possible that a door surviving above in the keep gave access to this building and perhaps also to a wall-walk, and this is a likely point of approach for the return on the W. of the S. courtyard or curtain wall. This attached structure may have been a forebuilding, however, unrelated to the wall. There are remains of what appears to be an embrasure of 13th-century type with plank centering in the N. wall, and also one above on the first floor from which a stair gave access to the roof-level wall-walk. The SW. corner was apparently extensively rebuilt in the 15th century, and the N. gable wall has a gently battered face as though it too had been reskinned at some time. It would appear that some structures, now vanished, had been built against the E. wall of the keep within the ward, perhaps at different times, resulting in extensive patchy alterations to the original wall, including a peculiar cranked entrance to the first floor from which the remains of a squinch arch protrude (Pl. 3). Another opening (blocked), apparently a door with semicircular head, may be seen at first floor level; this is another possible original entrance.
Two unusual features call for some comment. First is the existence of a broad pilaster-like construction or buttress at the N. end of the E. wall, 4m. wide and projecting 50cm from the wall (Pl. 3). Normally such a thickening of the wall

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would have accommodated a chimney, stair or latrine, but there was no chimney and the stair, running from the first floor N. wall to the E. wall-walk, would not seem to have necessitated this device, although the E. wall is narrower than the N. Second is a bell-cot perched on the E. outside edge of the N. gable. It was not possible to examine this closely, but it would seem unlikely to have been an original feature of a castle. However, the building can hardly have been converted for use as a church at any stage. The original N. gable may have stood in continuation of
the inner wall face, leaving space in the thickness of the wall for a wall-walk and battlements on which the bell-cot could have stood. It is not, therefore, impossible that the feature is original and, if so, could be an important confirmation of the building's origin and date (See below).
The possible existence of a curtain wall and its relationship to the keep could not be determined, but it is likely that the surviving bawn-type wall follows the line of an earlier enclosure, at least in part. There was no sign of an abutment of a curtain wall on the N. gable of the keep. A little excavation at this site would undoubtedly provide much additional information about the original lay-out, and perhaps some artifactual dating evidence for the different periods of construction.
At the time of the visit to the site, nothing was known of its history beyond the destruction recorded in 1271; therefore the presence of a small, pyramidal crossbase with moulding around the socket among rubble in the floor the keep occasioned some surprise. It was felt that the stone may originally have come from a finial on one of the gables, but why should a castle have crosses on its gables? A possible answer, discovered subsequently, lies in the fact that the building was used by a military order, the Knights Templars, from which the castle and the re-
gion take their name. The Templars were in Ireland before 1180 and their chief house was at Clontarf. Most of the preceptories in Ireland were fortified as castles to subdue the Irish and to hamper revolts. Temple House (Tigi Templa) was a camera or lesser station and, according to Ware, Templars were established here in the time of Henry III, the place passing after their suppression to the Knights Hospitallers of Rinnduin. Gwynn and Hadcock think it is unlikely that a station could have been maintained here after 1271 as the district was in a state of turmoil, but the Templar order did retain a church and property in the vicinity.9 The fact that a military order may have used the castle inclines one to the belief that the bell-cot may be original, Templars being called to office from work by the ringing of a bell in the same way as brethren of the Cistercian order. It is difficult to understand, however, how this feature, if original, could have survived the evi-

9. Op. cit. in note 6.

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dent alterations to the castle in the later middle ages. Perhaps it was retained to show the knightly origin of the building.
41. C. Tigh da Coinne (Tiaquin). 1266, 'the castle was broken down and the whole of Conmaicne laid waste' (A.C.). Orpen notes that the castle was in 'O'Kelly's country' and that we would not know of the castle if it were not for this entry (iii, 246). A footnote in A.F.M. s.a. 1264 states that the Conmaicne mentioned must be Conmaicne Kinel-Dubhain, now the barony of Dunmore, Co. Galway. A possible site for this castle, 4 miles SW. of Claremorris, was visited. Some low, vague earthworks occupy the possible site, but give more the impression of a settlement than a castle. Not recorded.
42. Ballinamantain or Kiltartan, Co. Galway. Two miles N. of Gort. The ruins of a 13th-century de Burgh fortress (Harbison, p. 96). This is a very impressive but ruinous and neglected castle, occupying a platform on a slight bluff overlooking the E. bank of a small river. The once massive wall delimiting the ward (which may have been divided) is an angular D on plan with the longside facing approximately W. In the centre of this W. wall is the well-preserved base of a gate-tower of double D-plan, 13th-century type. The outer face of each tower projects as a semicircle beyond the line of the wall and contains two embrasures at ground floor level. From the great size of the tumbled blocks of masonry it might be suggested that there was also a tower at the SW. corner of the enclosure wall. The large but crumbling keep is approximately square on plan and stands in the E. side of the ward overlooking the river, its S. and W. walls in the line of the enclosing wall. The SE. corner of the keep is built as a semi-hexagonal angle-tower projecting slightly from the main block. A few metres to the N. are the remains of a possible sallyport in the E. wall, and further N. again three corbel stones project high in the outer face of the wall. The ground floor has been subdivided by three parallel barrel vaults, perhaps later insertions. An aperture at first-floor level in the W. face of the tower may be the original entrance. This is an important castle, probably of mid to late 13th-century date, which deserves to be better known. Conservation is needed, at least to prevent deterioration of the keep.
OTHER SITES.

D. M. Waterman has drawn attention to the substantial rectangular keep at Moylough, Co. Galway, dating from the first half of the 13th century, and has pointed out that it is an interesting example of an early masonry castle well worthy of preservation. 10  Moylough is comparable with the keep at Athenry, Co.

10. Waterman, D. M., 'Moylough Castle, Co. Galway'. J. Roy. Soc. Antiq. Ireland 86 (1956), 73-6.

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Galway, and it was thought that this might be the castle of Muinter Murchada, no. 34 above. Moylough, however, is in the barony of Tiaquin.
Other possible castle sites in Galway, Mayo, Sligo and Roscommon, but about which I have no definite information, include Rathgorgin, Co. Galway (Orpen, iii, 192, note), Portumna, 'We also hear of the Earl's castle at Portumna, where the ferry was valuable' (Orpen, iii, 192), and Cargin, Co. Galway, possibly 13th century (Leask, p. 156). There are undoubtedly others which have been missed, but the list is already very impressive.

DISCUSSION

This rapid survey has shown that there are numerous castle sites (probably more than 40) of the mid-13th century in the four counties examined. It is probable that further research and fieldwork would locate almost all of the castle mentioned historically, and it is likely that 13th-century work could be recognized in some buildings which are not known to have documentary references at this time, as was the case at Moylough, Co. Galway. It is quite clear that a thorough survey and analysis of these castles (and indeed of all medieval buildings) in Connach is urgently required.
The objectives of the present reconnaissance were very limited, but although only a small proportion of the sites was visited the resulting discoveries were significant. There are many potentially more interesting sites which we did not have time or opportunity to visit, e.g. Ballylahan. The initial project was successful in confirming that other sites existed which together constitute what we can now see almost as a standard type of Irish mid 13th-century castle, comprising a rectangular keep set free-standing within a curtain wall, often quadrilateral. The project also showed, however, that the potential information in castle sites of counties Mayo, Sligo, Roscommon and Galway is too large for a rapid survey, and that the range of types, dating and morphology of the castles in the area should be worked out before full use can be made of comparisons with sites as far away as Ulster.
Table I summarizes records of building history in the annals. It is useful for no more than that, and general conclusions relating to Norman and native activity in Connacht cannot safely be drawn without reference to other historical sources. It is clear, however, that the main phase of castle building was between 1227 and 1245, and that between 1247 and 1284 there are 20 notices of the destruction of castles. The table presumably also mirrors the changing tide of military fortunes, as no castles were destroyed during the periods of construction 1227-32, 1236-45 and 1269, and none are recorded as having been built during the main periods of destruction 1233-5, 1247-66 and 1270-84. The two activities appear to be quite mutually exclusive, although the true picture was probably much more complex.

CASTLE-SITES IN THE WEST OF IRELAND.

I I I

There was undoubtedly castle building and destruction not mentioned in the annals. It should also be remembered that a castle could be rendered defenceless (and therefore 'broken down' or 'destroyed') by demolishing a small portion of its total fabric in a few days, but that the 'building' of a complete castle may have extended over several years. If a castle was 'burned', its wooden parts could have been replaced fairly quickly. It is unlikely, however, that such potential additions to both columns of the table would greatly alter the overall picture. It is generally assumed that the construction of castles by the Normans should be equated with the subjugation of a district, and it is surprising to see the number of cases in which the Irish appear to have been able to take and sack these castles. It is probable that the Normans underestimated the capacity of the Irish to adapt to the new methods of warfare, or that the castles were too small and inadequately garrisoned.
The precise historical circumstances governing these constructions and destructions of manorial centres were complex and relate to political, dynastic and military manoeuvrings in Connacht (and the rest of Ireland) which are beyond the scope of the present note. (The place of these castles in the historical interplay of the period, however, has been outlined by Orpen (op. cit.).) On the other hand, the medieval archaeologist is always in search of good dating evidence and some of these castles in the W. of Ireland, whose dates of construction and possibly destruction are known, can provide anchor points for architectural studies and for excavation if the historical evidence is used with caution. On excavation, it is often difficult to date sites accurately within the 13th century because of the scarcity of useful coin finds or because, when they do occur, of the long periods of currency of most issues. In some of the Connacht sites the recorded destructions may not be exhibited in the excavated sequence, but in others historical research might show that it was total and that the site was abandoned. Apart from improving the architectural and, historical knowledge, and indeed the amenity value of the castles, limited excavations could well provide valuable evidence for the study of the interplay of native and Norman culture, which were not always in a state of military confrontation, in the 13th century.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.

I would like to thank the Royal Irish Academy for a grant from the Armstrong Fund towards fieldwork expenses, Miss E. O'Boyle for preparation of the typescript, Dr S. O'Nuallain for help in locating some sites, and Professor E. Rynne for making valuable comments on the draft.

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Table 1

Construction and Demolition of castles in Connacht c. 1220-c. 1280.

A.	Cons truc tion	B.	Demolition	
 1227	Rinnduin	1233	Dunamon, broken down	
 1227	Athleague	1233	Galway, broken down	
 1229	Meelick	1233	Hag's Castle, destroyed	
 1232	Dunamon	1233	Hen's Castle, destroyed	
 1232	Galway	1235	Meelick, broken down	
 1236	Onagh	1247	Galway, burned	
 1238	Cera	1248	MacHenry's, burned	
 1238	Muinter Murchada	1265	Banada, demolished	
 1238	Conmaicne Cuile	1265	Ardcree, pulled down	
 1238	Lough Mask	1266	Sligo, demolished	
 1244	Ardcree	1266	Ardnaree, village burnt	
 1244	Banada	1266	Tiaquin, demolished	
 1245	Ath-in-Chip			
 1245	Sligo	1270	Sligo, burned	
 1245	Suicn	1270	Onagh, burned	
 		1270	Ath Angaile, demolished	
 1269	Roscommon	1270	Rinnbuin, burned	
 1269	Sligo	1270	Castlemore (Sliabh-Lugha),	
 			demolished	
 		1270	Roscommon, burned	
 		1270	Kilcolman, razed	
 		1271	Templehouse, broken down	
 		1271	Athleague, broken down	
 		1271	Sligo, broken down	
 		1272	Roscommon, broken down	
 		1277	Roscommon, thrown down	
 		1284	Kilcolman, knocked down	

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