AElfthryth OF ENGLAND (945-1002?)

Name:	AElfthryth OF ENGLAND 1,2
Sex:	Female
Father:	Ordgar OF DEVON ( -971)
Mother:	Ealda ( - )

Individual Events and Attributes

Birth	0945	Lyford Castle, Devon
Occupation	frm 0965 to 0975 (age 19-30)	Queen of England
crowned	11 May 0973 (age 27-28)	Bath Abbey
Title	0986 (app) (age 40-41)	nun; Wherwell Abbey, Hampshire
founded	0986 (age 40-41)	Wherwell Abbey as a Benedictine nunnery
Group/Caste Membership		House of Wessex
Death	17 Nov 1002 (app) (age 56-57)	Wherwell Abbey, Hampshire 3
Burial		Wherwell Abbey, Hampshire

Marriage

	Edgar, King of England		Edgar was buried at Glastonbury Abbey. Photo by Dana Otstott Shear, January 2012.		Edgar was buried at Glastonbury Abbey. Photo by Dana Otstott Shear, January 2012.		Edgar was buried at Glastonbury Abbey. Photo by Dana Otstott Shear, January 2012.

	Æthelred the Unready		Draped bust of Æthelred left. +ÆÐELRED REX ANGLOR. 'LonCross' penny of Æthelred II, moneyer Eadwold, Canterbury, c. 997–1003. The cross made cutting the coin into half-pennies or farthings (quarter-pennies) easier. (Note spelling Ead?old in inscription, using Old English letter wynn in place of modern w.)

Spouse	Edgar OF ENGLAND (944-975)
Children	Æthelred II OF ENGLAND (966?-1016)
Marriage	0965 (age 19-20)

Additional Information

Marriage

She allegedly had an adulterous affair with King Edgar while still married to her first husband, Ethelwald, Ealdorman of East Anglia with whom she had two children. It is also alleged that King Edgar had Ethelwald murdered in 963.

Individual Note 1

Ælfthryth (c. 945 to c. 1000, also Alfrida, Elfrida or Elfthryth) was the second or third wife of King Edgar of England. Ælfthryth was the first king's wife known to have been crowned and anointed as Queen of the Kingdom of England. Mother of King Æthelred the Unready, she was a powerful political figure. She was linked to the murder of her stepson King Edward the Martyr and appeared as a stereotypical bad queen and evil stepmother in many medieval histories.

 

Early life

Ælfthryth was the daughter of Ealdorman Ordgar. Her mother was a member of the royal family of Wessex. The family's power lay in the west of Wessex. Ordgar was buried in Exeter and his son Ordwulf founded, or refounded, Tavistock Abbey.[1]

 

Ælfthryth was first married to Æthelwald, son of Æthelstan Half-King as recorded by Byrhtferth of Ramsey in his Life of Saint Oswald of Worcester.[2] Later accounts, such as that preserved by William of Malmesbury, add vivid detail of unknown reliability.

 

According to William, the beauty of Ordgar's daughter Ælfthryth was reported to King Edgar. Edgar, looking for a Queen, sent Æthewald to see Ælfthryth, ordering him "to offer her marriage [to Edgar] if her beauty were really equal to report." When she turned out to be just as beautiful as was said, Æthelwald married her himself and reported back to Edgar that she was quite unsuitable. Edgar was eventually told of this, and decided to repay Æthelwald's betrayal in like manner. He said that he would visit the poor woman, which alarmed Æthelwald. He asked Ælfthryth to make herself as unattractive as possible for the king's visit, but she did the opposite. Edgar, quite besotted with her, killed Æthelwald during a hunt.[3]

 

The historical record does not record the year of Æthelwald's death, let alone its manner. No children of Æthelwald and Ælfthryth are known.

 

Edgar's queen

Edgar had two children before he married Ælfthryth, both of uncertain legitimacy. Edward was probably the son of Æthelflæd, and Eadgifu, later known as Saint Edith of Wilton, the daughter of Wulfthryth.[4] Sound political reasons encouraged the match between Edgar, whose power base was centred in Mercia, and Ælfthryth, whose family were powerful in Wessex. In addition to this, and her link with the family of Æthelstan Half-King, Ælfthryth also appears to have been connected to the family of Ælfhere, Ealdorman of Mercia.[5]

 

Edgar married Ælfthryth in either 964 or 965. In 966 Ælfthryth gave birth to a son who was named Edmund. In King Edgar's charter (S 745) regranting privileges to New Minster, Winchester that same year, the infant Edmund is called "clito legitimus" (legitimate ætheling), and appears before Edward in the list of witnesses. Edmund died young, circa 970, but in 968 Ælfthryth had given birth to a second son who was called Æthelred.[6]

 

King Edgar organised a second coronation, perhaps to bolster his claims to be ruler of all of Britain at Bath on 11 May 973. Here Ælfthryth was also crowned and anointed, granting her a status higher than any recent queen.[7] The only model of a queen's coronation was that of Judith of Flanders, but this had taken place outside of England. In the new rite, the emphasis lay on her role as protector of religion and the nunneries in the realm. She took a close interest in the well-being of several abbeys, and as overseer of Barking Abbey deposed and later reinstated the abbess.[8]

 

Queen dowager

Edgar died in 975 leaving two young sons, Edward and Æthelred. Edward was almost an adult, and his successful claim for the throne was supported by many key figures including Archbishops Dunstan and Oswald and the brother of Ælfthryth's first husband, Æthelwine, Ealdorman of East Anglia. Supporting the unsuccessful claim of Æthelred were his mother, the Queen dowager, Bishop Æthelwold of Winchester, and Ælfhere, Ealdorman of Mercia.[9]

 

On 18 March 978, while visiting Ælfthryth at Corfe Castle, King Edward was killed by servants of the Queen, leaving the way clear for Æthelred to be installed as king. Edward was soon considered a martyr, and later medieval accounts blamed Ælfthryth for his murder. Due to Æthelred's youth, Ælfthryth served as regent for her son until his coming of age in 984. By then her earlier allies Æthelwold and Ælfhere had died, and Æthelred rebelled against his old advisers, preferring a group of younger nobility. She disappears from the list of charter witnesses from around 983 to 993, when she reappears in a lower position. She remained an important figure, being responsible for the care of Æthelred's children by his first wife, Ælfgifu. Æthelred's eldest son, Æthelstan Ætheling, prayed for the soul of the grandmother "who brought me up" in his will in 1014.[10]

 

Although her reputation was damaged by the murder of her stepson, Ælfthryth was a religious woman, taking an especial interest in monastic reform when Queen. In about 986 she founded Wherwell Abbey as a Benedictine nunnery, and late in life she retired there. She died at Wherwell on 17 November of 999, 1000 or 1001.[11]

 

NOTES:

1 Stafford, Unification, pp. 52–53.

2 PASE; Stafford, Unification, pp. 52–53.

3 Malmesbury, pp. 139–140 (Book 2, § 139.

4 Cyril Hart, Edward the Martyr, Oxford Online DNB, 2004

5 Higham, pp. 6–7; Stafford, Unification, pp. 52–53.

6 Higham, pp. 6–7; Miller, "Edgar"; Stafford, "Ælfthryth".

7 Miller, "Edgar"; Stafford, "Ælfthryth".

8 Honeycutt, Lois (2003). Matilda of Scotland: a Study in Medieval Queenship. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press. pp. 36–37.

9 Higham, pp. 7–14; Stafford, Unification, pp. 57–59.

10 Higham, pp. 7–14; Stafford, "Ælfthryth"; Stafford, Unification, pp. 57–59, Lavelle, pp. 86–90

11 Stafford, "Ælfthryth"

 

SOURCES:

"Ælfthryth 8 (Female) Queen of King Edgar, 964-975, d.999x1001; daughter of Ordgar". Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England. http://www.pase.ac.uk/jsp/DisplayPerson.jsp?personKey=8094. Retrieved 2007-09-06. [dead link]

Higham, Nick, The Death of Anglo-Saxon England. Stroud: Sutton, 1997. ISBN 0-7509-2469-1

Miller, Sean, "Edgar" in Michael Lapidge (ed.), The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England. Oxford: Blackwell, 1999. ISBN 0-631-22492-0

Lavelle, Ryan, Aethelred II: King of the English. Stroud: The History Press, 2008. ISBN 978 0 7524 4678 3

Stafford, Pauline, "Ælfthryth" in Michael Lapidge (ed.), The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England. Oxford: Blackwell, 1999. ISBN 0-631-22492 0

Stafford, Pauline, Unification and Conquest: A Political and Social History of England in the Tenth and Eleventh Centuries. London: Edward Arnold, 1989. ISBN 0-7131-6532-4

William of Malmesbury. Joseph Stevenson. ed. Malmesbury's History of the Kings. http://books.google.com/books?id=mxy_gvWgEQUC. Retrieved 2007-09-08.⁴

Individual Note 2

She allegedly had her stepson, King Edward "the Martyr" murdered on 18 March, 978. Her son, Ethelred II, succeeded him on the throne.⁵

Sources

1	Weis, Frederick Lewis & Sheppard, Walter Lee, Jr, "Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists Who Came to America before 1700: Lineages from Alfred the Great, Charlemagne, Malcolm of Scotland, Robert the Strong, and other Historical Individuals". p 2, 1-17.

2	Weir, Alison, "Britain's Royal Families: The Complete Genealogy" (Vintage, 2008). p 20 - 21.

3	Weis, Frederick Lewis & Sheppard, Walter Lee, Jr, "Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists Who Came to America before 1700: Lineages from Alfred the Great, Charlemagne, Malcolm of Scotland, Robert the Strong, and other Historical Individuals". p 2.

4	"Wikipedia". http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86lfthryth,_wife_of_Edgar.

5	Weir, Alison, "Britain's Royal Families: The Complete Genealogy" (Vintage, 2008). p 22.