Boy's Manual of Seamanship and Gunnery
Weights & Measures |
Division of the Circle.
| 60 Seconds |
1 Minute. |
| 60 Minutes |
1 Degree. |
| 360 Degrees |
1 Circumference. |
| 4 Minutes of Time |
= 1 Degree of Longitude. |
| 15 Degrees |
= 1 Hour. |
Time.
| 60 Seconds |
1 Minute. |
| 60 Minutes |
1 Hour. |
| 24 Hours |
1 Mean Solar Day. |
| 7 Days |
1 Week. |
| 28 Days |
1 Lunar Month. |
| 12 Calendar Months (365 Days) |
1 Civil Year. |
| 365 Days, 5 Hours, 48 Minutes, 47.6352 Seconds |
1 Solar Year. |
Money.
| 4 Farthings = |
1 Penny. |
20 Shillings = |
1 Pound. |
| 12 Pence = |
1 Shilling. |
21 Shillings = |
1 Guinea. |
| NOTE.- |
|
dwts. |
grs. |
| A Sovereign - ...... |
weighs |
5 |
3 1/6 7/2 1/3 Troy |
| A Half-Sovereign - ...... |
" |
2 |
13 3/6 9/2 7/3 |
| A Crown - ...... |
" |
18 |
4 4/11 |
| A Half-Crown - ...... |
" |
9 |
2 2/11 |
| A Shilling - ...... |
" |
3 |
15 3/11 |
| A Sixpence - ...... |
" |
1 |
19 7/11 |
| A Fourpenny Piece - ...... |
" |
1 |
5 1/11 |
| A Threepenny Piece - ...... |
" |
0 |
21 9/11 |
WEIGHTS
| Troy.* |
| 24 Grains |
1 Pennyweight. |
| 20 Pennyweights |
1 Ounce. |
| 12 Ounces |
1 Pound. |
*Used for the precious metals and in Philosophical experiments. Diamonds and other precious atones are weighed by carats of 3 1/6- grs. 151 1/2 carats are equal to an ounce Troy..
NOTE.-By an Act of Parliament (5 George IV., c. 74), it was enjoined that the standard of weight for the Kingdom should henceforward be the Imperial pound Troy of 5760-grs, and that in case the standard should be lost injured it or might be recovered from the knowledge of the fact, that a cubic inch of distilled water, at a temperature of 62� Fahrenheit, and when the barometer is at 30-in., weighs 252-458 of these grains.
WEIGHTS AND MEASURES
Avoirdupois.*
| 27.34375 Troy Grains. |
1 Drachm |
| 16 Drachms |
1 Ounce. |
| 16 Ounces |
1 Pound. |
| 14 Pounds |
1 Stone. |
| 28 Pounds |
1 Quarter. |
| 4 Quarters. |
1 Hundredweight |
| 20 Hundredweight |
1 Ton, |
*Used for all ordinary Goods.
NOTE.-By the before-mentioned Act, it is provided that the Pound Avoirdupois shall consist of 7000 Grains Troy.
Apothecaries.
| 20 Grains |
1 Scruple. |
| 3 Scruples |
1 Drachm. |
| 8 Drachms |
1 Ounce. |
| 12 Ounces |
1 Pound. |
By this Weight only, Apothecaries compound their Medicines; but Drugs are bought and sold by Avoirdupois Weight.
NOTE.-The Grain, Ounce, and Pound, are the same as in Troy Weight.
| 480 Minims, or Drops = |
1 Fluid Ounce. |
| 20 Ounces = |
1 Pint. |
| 8 Pints = |
1 Gallon. |
| 8750 Grains of Distilled Water = |
1 Imperial Pint. |
| 437.5 Ditto Ditto . = |
1 Imperial Fluid Ounce. |
MEASURES
Wine Measure.
| 4 Gills |
1 Pint. |
| 2 Pints |
1 Quart. |
| 4 Quarts |
1 Gallon. |
| 10 Gallons |
1 Anker. |
| 18 Gallons |
1 Runlet. |
| 42 Gallons |
1 Tierce. |
| 63 Gallons |
1 Hogshead. |
| 84 Gallons |
1 Puncheon. |
| 126 Gallons |
1 Pipe. |
| 252 Gallons |
1 Tun. |
Ale Measure.
| 4 Gills |
1 Pint. |
| 2 Pints |
1 Quart. |
| 4 Quarts |
1 Gallon. |
| 9 Gallons |
1 Firkin. |
| 18 Gallons |
1 Kilderkin. |
| 36 Gallons |
1 Barrel. |
| 54 Gallons |
1 Hogshead. |
| 72 Gallons |
1 Puncheon. |
| 108 Gallons |
1 Butt. |
Dry Measure.
| 2 Imperial Gallons, |
1 Peck. |
| 4 Pecks |
1 Bushel. |
| 8 Bushels |
1 Quarter. |
| 32 Bushels |
1 Chaldron. |
| 40 Bushels |
1 Wey, or Load, |
| 8 Bushels |
1 Last. |
Measure of Solidity, or Cubic Measure.
| 1728 Cubic inches |
1 Cubic Foot |
| 2200 Cylindrical Inches (nearly) |
| 3300 Spherical Inches (nearly) |
| 6600 Conical Inches (nearly) |
| 27 Cubic Feet |
1 Cubic Yard. |
| 1357.17 Cubic Inches |
1 Cylindrical Foot. |
| 904.78 Cubic Inches |
1 Spherical Foot. |
| 459.39 Cubic Inches |
1 Conical Foot. |
NOTE.-A Cubic Inch is a cube 1-in. square; a Cylindrical Inch is a cylinder 1-in. long and 1-in. in diameter; a Spherical Inch is a sphere 1-in. in diameter; and a Conical Inch is a Cone 1-in. in length, and 1-in. in diameter at the base.
Measure of Surface, or Square Measure.
| 144 Square Inches |
1 Square Foot. |
| 9 Square Feet |
1 Square Yard. |
| 30 � Square Yards |
1 Square Pole. |
| 40 Square Poles . |
1 Square Rood. |
| 4 Roods (4840 Sq. Yards). |
1 Statute Acre. |
| 640 Acres |
1 Square Mile. |
| 6084 Square Yards |
1 Scotch Acre. |
| 7840 Square Yards |
1 Irish or Plantation Acre. |
| 113.0972 Square Inches |
1 Circular Foot. |
| 183.346 Circular Inches |
1 Square Foot. |
NOTE.-A Circular Foot is a circle whose diameter is One Foot.
Superficial Measure for Land.
| 62.7264 Square Inches |
1 Square Link. |
| 10000 Square Links |
1 Square Chain. |
| 10 Square Chains |
1 Acre. |
Measure of Length.
| 12 Lines |
1 Inch. |
| 12 Inches |
1 Foot |
| 3 Feet |
1 Yard. |
| 5 � Yards |
1 Pole, Rod, or Perch. |
| 40 Poles |
1 Furlong. |
| 8 Furlongs (1760 Yards) |
1 Mile. |
| 2240 Yards |
1 Irish Mile. |
| 14 English Miles |
11 Irish Miles. |
| 3 Miles |
1 League. |
Miscellaneous
| 3 Inches |
1 Palm. |
| 4 Inches |
1 Hand. |
| 9 Inches |
1 Span. |
| 18 Inches |
1 Cubit. |
| 5 Feet |
1 Pace. |
| 6 Feet |
1 Fathom. |
| 120 Fathoms (strictly 126� fathoms) |
1 Cable's Length. |
| 8 Cables' Lengths |
1 Nautical Mile. |
| 600 Square Feet of Inch Boards |
1 Load. |
| 40 Cubic Feet of Round Timber |
1 Ton, or Load. |
| 50 Cubic Feet of Hewn Timber |
| 1000 Billets, or |
1 Cord of Wood. |
| 8 Cubic Feet, or |
| 10 Hundredweight |
| 108 Cubic Feet |
1 Stack of Wood. |
| 630 Pounds, or |
1 Fathom of Wood |
| 6-ft. x 6-ft. x 2-ft. |
| 84 Pounds |
1 Bushel of Coals. |
| 2 Hundredweight |
1 Sack of Coals. |
| 10 Sacks (42-ins. x 30-ins.) |
1 Ton of Coals. |
| 53 Hundredweight |
1 Chaldron of Coal (Newcastle). |
| 112 Pounds |
1 Sack. |
| 40 Cubic Feet |
1 Ton of Shipping |
| 8 Pounds of Meat or Fish |
1 Stone. |
| 56 Pounds of Butter |
1 Firkin. |
| 250 Pounds of Hops, Kentish |
1 Pocket. |
| 112 Pounds of Hops, Surrey and Sussex |
| 236 Gallons of Sweet Oil |
1 Ton |
| 252 Gallons of Fish |
| I Acre Scotch, 1.271 Acres English, or |
6084 |
Square Yards. |
| 1 Acre Irish, 1.638 Acres English, or |
7840 |
Square Yards. |
| 1 Barrel, Imperial Measure |
9981.86 |
Cubic Inches. |
| 1 Barrel of Soap |
256 |
Pounds. |
| 1 Bushel, Imperial Measure |
2218.19 |
Cubic Inches. |
| 1 Bushel, Winchester |
2150.42 |
Cubic Inches. |
| 1 Bushel of Barley |
50 |
Pounds. |
| 1 Bushel of Coal |
88 |
Pounds: |
| 1 Bushel of Flour or Salt |
56 |
Pounds. |
| 1 Bushel of Oats |
40 |
Pounds. |
| I Bushel of Wheat |
60 |
Pounds. |
| I Chain |
100 |
Links. |
| 1 Clove of Wool |
7 |
Pounds. |
| 1 Fodder of Lead-Stockton |
22 |
Hundredweight. |
| 1 Fodder of Lead-Newcastle |
21 |
Hundredweight. |
| 1 Fodder of Lead-London |
19 � |
Hundredweight. |
| 1 Gallon, Imperial Measure |
277.27 |
Cubic Inches. |
| 1 Gallon of Distilled Water, 60� |
10 |
Pounds. |
| 1 Gallon of Proof Spirit or Oil. |
9.3 |
Pounds. |
| 1 Gallon, former Wine Measure |
231 |
Cubic Inches. |
| 1 Gallon, former Ale Measure |
283 |
Cubic Inches. |
| 1 Gallon, Irish Measure |
217.6 |
Cubic Inches. |
| 1 League |
3 |
Miles. |
| 1 Geographical Mile |
1.15 |
English Miles. |
| 1 Geographical Degree |
19.12 |
English Miles. |
| 1 Nautical Mile (mean) |
6075.5 |
Feet. |
| 1 Gross |
12 |
Dozen. |
| 1 Great Gross |
12 |
Gross. |
| 1 Hand |
4 |
Inches. |
| 1 Hundred of Deals |
120 |
In Number. |
| I Hundred of Nails |
120 |
In Number. |
| 1 Hundred of Salt |
7 |
Lasts. |
| I Last of Salt |
18 |
Barrels. |
| 1 Last of Gunpowder |
24 |
Barrels. |
| I Last of Potash, Soap, Pitch, or Tar |
12 |
Barrels. |
| 1 Last of Flax or Feathers |
17 |
Hundredweight. |
| 1 Link |
7.92 |
Inches. |
| 1 Line |
1/12th |
of an Inch. |
| 1 Load of Bricks |
500 |
In Number. |
| I Load of Corn |
40 |
Bushels. |
| 1 Load of Hay or Straw |
36 |
Trusses. |
| 1 Load of Lime |
32 |
Bushels. |
| 1 Load of Planks (2-inch) |
300 |
Square Feet. |
| 1 Load of Sand . |
36 |
Bushels. |
| 1 Load of Timber (Squared) |
50 |
Cubic Feet. |
| 1 Load of Timber (Unhewed) |
40 |
Cubic Feet. |
| 1 Mile |
80 |
Chains. |
| 1 Pack of Wool |
240 |
Pounds. |
| I Palm |
3 |
Inches. |
| I Pole - Woodland |
18 |
Feet. |
| 1 Pole - Plantation |
21 |
Feet. |
| 1 Pole - Cheshire |
24 |
Feet. |
| 1 Sack of Wool |
364 |
Pounds. |
| 1 Seam of Glass |
124 |
Pounds |
| 1 Cubit |
18 |
Inches. |
| 1 Span |
9 |
Inches. |
| 1 Military Pace |
5 |
Feet. |
Cloth Measure
| 2 � |
Inches |
I Nail. |
| 4 |
Nails |
I Quarter. |
| 4 |
Quarters |
1 Yard. |
| 3 |
Quarters |
1 Flemish Ell. |
| 5 |
Quarters |
1 English Ell. |
| 6 |
Quarters |
I French Ell. |
RELATIVE VALUE OF BRITISH AND FOREIGN WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.
| |
Weights. |
|
| French. |
|
British. |
| Gramme |
15.434 |
Grains. |
| Décigramme |
1.5434 |
Grains. |
| Centigramme |
0.15434 |
Grains. |
| Milligramme |
0.015434. |
Grains |
| Decagramme |
154.34 |
Grains. |
| Hectogramme |
3.527 |
Ounces Avoirdupois, or |
| 3.2154 |
Ounces Troy. |
| Kilogramme |
2.6795 |
Pounds Troy, or |
| 2.2048 |
Pounds Avoirdupois, |
|
Myriagramme |
26.795 |
Pounds Troy, or |
| 22.048 |
Pounds Avoirdupois. |
| Quintal |
1 Cwt ; 3 qrs.; 242 lbs. |
| Millier, or Bar |
9 Tons ; 16 cwt.; 3 qrs.; 12 lbs. |
Measures of Capacity
| Litre* |
61.028 Cubic Inches or |
| 1,761 Imperial Pints. |
| Décilitre |
6.1928 Cubic Inches. |
| Centilitre |
0.6103 Cubic Inches. |
| Millilitre |
0.0610 Cubic Inches. |
| Decalitre |
610.28 Cubic Inches, or |
| 2.2 Imperial Gallons. |
| Hectolitre |
3.5317 Cubic Feet, or |
| 2.75 Imperial Bushels. |
| Kilolitre |
35.317 Cubic Feet. |
| Myrialitre |
353.17 Cubic Feet. |
* The Litre = a Cubic Décimètre.
Measures of Length.
| Mètre |
39.371 |
Inches. |
| Décimètre |
3.9371 |
Inches. |
| Centimètre |
0.39371 |
Inches. |
| Millimètre |
0.0393'71 |
Inches. |
| Décamètre |
32.809 |
Feet. |
| Hectomètre |
328.09 |
Feet. |
| Kilomètre |
1093.6 |
Yards. |
| Myriamètre |
6.2138 |
Miles. |
Measure of Superficies
| Are � |
119.60 |
Square Yards. |
| Déciare |
11.960 |
Square Yards. |
| Centiare |
10.764 |
Square Feet. |
| Milliare |
155.00 |
Square Inches. |
| Décare |
1196.0 |
Square Yards. |
| Hectare |
2.4712 |
Acres. |
| � The Are = A Square Décimètre |
Measures of Solidity.
| Stère � |
35.317 |
Cubic Feet. |
| Décistère |
3.5317 |
Cubic Feet. |
| Centistère |
610.28 |
Cubic Inches. |
| Millistère |
61.028 |
Cubic Inches. |
| Décastère |
13.080 |
Cubic Yards. |
| Hectostère |
130.80 |
Cubic Yards. |
| � The Stere - A Cubic Metre. |
NOTE.-The Décimètre Centimètre and Millimètre are respectively formed by dividing the Mitre by 10, 100, and 1,000; and the Décamètre, Hectomètre Kilomètre, and Myriamètre by multiplying the Mètre by 10, 100, 1,000 and 10 000. The other Measures and Weights of the Decimal System are formed in a like manner from their respective Units.
Foreign Measures with their English equivalents
| COUNTRY |
Name of Measure |
Equal to 100 English Feet |
COUNTRY |
Name of Measure |
Equal to 100 English Feet
|
| Amsterdam |
Foot |
107.71 |
Naples |
Palmo. |
115.60 |
| Antwerp |
Foot. |
106.76 |
Prussia |
Foot. |
97.16 |
| China |
Foot. |
94.41 |
Riga |
Foot. |
111.21 |
| Copenhagen |
Foot. |
97.16 |
Russia |
Foot. |
87.27 |
| Dantzic |
Foot. |
106.19 |
Sardinia |
Palmo. |
122.69 |
| France |
Foot. |
91.46 |
Sicily |
Palmo. |
125.91 |
| Genoa |
Foot. |
123.45 |
Spain |
Foot. |
107.91 |
| Hamburgh |
Foot. |
106.38 |
Sweden |
Foot. |
102.73 |
| Lisbon |
Foot. |
92.73 |
Venice |
Foot. |
87.71 |
| Malta |
Foot. |
107.52 |
|
|
|
Foreign Weights, with their English equivalents.
| COUNTRY |
Weights |
Equal to 1-Cwt. British. |
COUNTRY. |
Weights. |
Equal to 1-Cwt. British. |
| Alexandria |
Rottolo for Pound Flem. |
119.84 |
Malta |
Rottolo |
64.17 |
| |
|
Naples |
Cantaro grosso |
56.99 |
| Amsterdam |
50.79 |
|
|
| Algiers |
Rottolo |
94.12 |
Persia |
Batman |
88.31 |
| Barcelona |
Pound. |
126.97 |
Portugal |
Pound. |
110.68 |
| Cairo |
Rottolo |
117.89 |
Prussia |
Pound. |
108.60 |
| China |
Catty |
84.00 |
Riga |
Pound. |
121.51 |
| Constantinople |
Oke |
39.53 |
Rotterdam |
Pound. |
102.82 |
| Copenhagen |
Pound. |
101.55 |
Russia |
Pound. |
124.08 |
| Cyprus |
Rottolo |
21.35 |
Sardinia |
Pound. |
128.00 |
| Dantzic |
Pound. |
108.42 |
Sicily |
Pound. |
160.00 |
| France |
Livre usuelle Pound heavy |
101.59 |
Smyrna |
Pound. |
39.53 |
| Spain |
Pound. |
110.40 |
| Geneva |
145.69 |
Sweden |
Pound. |
149.33 |
| Trieste |
Pound. |
90.75 |
| Hamburgh |
Pound. |
104.86 |
Tripoli |
Pound. |
100.00 |
| Japan |
Catty. |
86.15 |
Tunis |
Pound. |
100.85 |
| Leghorn |
Pound. |
149.61 |
Venice |
Pound. |
50.79 |
| Madeira |
Pound. |
110.79 |
|
|
|
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