REGULATIONS FOR PREVENTING COLLISIONS AT SEA.

1041. The following Regulations are to be observed, in order to prevent collisions at sea, and all officers of the Military Branch are to make themselves thoroughly acquainted therewith.

PRELIMINARY.

Definitions.- These Rules shall be followed by all vessels upon the high seas and in all waters connected therewith, navigable by sea-going vessels.

In the following Rules every steam-vessel which is under sail and not under steam is to be considered a sailing-vessel, and every vessel under steam, whether under sail or not, is to be considered a steam-vessel.

The word " steam-vessel " shall include any vessel propelled by machinery.

A vessel is "under way" within the meaning of these Rules, when she is not at anchor, or made fast to the shore or aground.

RULES CONCERNING LIGHTS, &c.

Lights.- The word " visible " in these Rules, when applied to lights, shall mean visible on a dark night with a clear atmosphere.

* Article 1. The Rules concerning lights shall be complied with in all weathers, from sunset to sunrise, and during such time no other lights which may be mistaken for the prescribed lights shall be exhibited.

Article 2. Lights for Steamships.- A steam-vessel when under way shall carry :

1. On or in front of the foremast, or if a vessel without a foremast, then in the fore part of the vessel, at a height above the hull of not less than 20 feet, and if the breadth of the vessel exceeds 20 feet, then at a height above the hull not less than such breadth, so, however, that the light need not be carried at a greater height above the hull than 40 feet, a bright white light, so constructed as to show an unbroken light over an arc of the horizon of 20 points of the compass, so fixed as to throw the light 10 points on each side of the vessel, vii., from right ahead to 2 points abaft the beam on either side, and of such a character as to be visible at a distance of at least 5 miles.
2. On the starboard side a green light so constructed as to show an unbroken light over an arc of the horizon of 10 points of the compass, so fixed as to throw the light from right ahead to 2 points abaft the beam on the starboard side, and of such a character as to be visible at a distance of at least 2 miles.
3. On the port side a red light so constructed as to show an unbroken light over an arc of the horizon of 10 points of the compass, so fixed as to throw the light from right ahead to 2 points abaft the beam on the port side, and of such a character as to be visible at a distance of at least 2 miles.

* These Rules are numbered as "Articles" to correspond with the wording of the Order in Council of 13th October 1910.

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4. The said green and red side-lights shall be fitted with inboard screens projecting at least 3 feet forward from the light, so as to prevent these lights from being seen across the bow.
5. A steam-vessel when under way may carry an additional white light similar in construction to the light mentioned in sub-division (a). These two lights shall be so placed in line with the keel that one shall be at least 15 feet higher than the other, and in such a position with reference to each other that the lower light shall be forward of the upper one. The vertical distance between these lights shall be less than the horizontal distance.

Article 3. Lights for Ships Towing.- A steam-vessel when towing another vessel shall, in addition to her side lights, carry two bright white lights in a vertical line one over the other, not less than 6 feet apart, and when towing more than one vessel shall carry an additional bright white light 6 feet above or below such lights, if the length of the tow, measuring from the stern of the towing vessel to the stern of the last vessel towed, exceeds 600 feet. Each of these lights shall be of the same construction and character, and shall be carried in the same position as the white light mentioned in Article 2 (a) except the additional light, which may be carried at a height of not less than 14 feet above the hull.

Such steam-vessel may carry a small white light abaft the funnel or aftermast for the vessel towed to steer by, but such light shall not be visible forward of the beam.

Article 4. Special Lights for Ships not under Command and for Telegraph Ships.-

1. A vessel which from any accident is not under command shall carry at the same height as the white light mentioned in Article 2 (a), where they can best be seen, and, if a steam-vessel, in lieu of that light, two red lights, in a vertical line one over the other, not less than 6 feet apart, and of such a character as to be visible all round the horizon at a distance of at least 2 miles; and shall by day carry in a vertical line one over the other not less than 6 feet apart, where they can best be seen, two black balls or shapes each 2 feet in diameter.
2. A vessel employed in laying or in picking up a telegraph cable shall carry fn the same position as the white light mentioned in Article 2 (a) and, if a steam-vessel, in lieu of that light, three lights in a verticle line one over the other, not less than 6 feet apart. The highest and lowest of these lights shall be red, and the middle light shall be white, and they shall be of such a character as to be visible all round the horizon, at a distance of at least 2 miles. By day she shall carry in a vertical line one over the other, not less than 6 feet apart, where they can best be seen, three shapes not less than 2 feet in diameter, of which the highest and lowest shall be globular in shape and red in colour, and the middle one diamond in shape and white.
3. The vessels referred to in this Article when not making way through the water, shall not carry the side-lights, but when making way shall carry them.
4. The lights and shapes required to be shown by this Article are to be taken by other vessels as signals that the vessel showing them is not under command and cannot therefore get out of the way.*

* Attention is drawn to the following clauses of the Submarine Telegraph Act, 1885 :

" (a)When a ship engaged in repairing a cable exhibits the signals " (specified in Article 4 (b) of the Regulations for Preventing Collisions), " other vessels which " see them, or are able to see them, shall withdraw to or keep beyond a distance " of one nautical mile at least from the ship in question, so as not to interfere " with her operations."

" (b)Vessels which see, or are able to see, the buoys showing the position of a cable " when the latter is being laid, is out of order, or is broken, shall keep beyond " a distance of one quarter of a nautical mile at least froth the said buoys."

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These signals are not signals of vessels in distress and requiring assistance. Such signals are contained in Article 31.

Article 5. Lights for Sailing Ships or Vessels being Towed.- A sailing vessel under way, and any vessel being towed, shall carry the same lights as are prescribed by Article 2 for a steam-vessel under way, with the exception of the white lights mentioned therein, which they shall never carry.

Article 6. Exceptional Lights for Small Vessels.- Whenever, as in the case of small vessels under way during bad weather, the green and red side-lights cannot be fixed, these lights shall be kept at hand lighted and ready for use ; and shall, on the approach of or to other vessels, be exhibited on their respective sides in sufficient time to prevent collision, in such manner as to make them most visible, and so that the green light shall not be seen on the port side nor the red light on the starboard side, nor, if practicable, more than 2 points abaft the beam on their respective sides.

To make the use of these portable lights more certain and easy, the lanterns containing them shall each be painted outside with the colour of the light they respectively contain, and shall be provided with proper screens.

Article 7. Lights for Small Craft and Rowing Boats.- Steam-vessels of less than 40, and vessels under oars or sails of less than 20, tons gross tonnage, respectively, and rowing boats, when under way, shall not be obliged to carry the lights mentioned in Article 2 (a), (b), and (c), but if they do not carry them, they shall be provided with the following lights :-

1. Steam-vessels of less than 40 tons shall carry-
1. In the fore part of the vessel, or on or in front of the funnel, where it can best be seen, and at a height above the gunwale of not less than 9 feet, a bright white light constructed and fixed as prescribed in Article 2 (a), and of such a character as to be visible at a distance of at least 2 miles.
2. Green and red side-lights constructed and fixed as prescribed in Article 2 (b) and (c), and of such a character as to be visible at a distance of at least 1 mile, or a combined lantern showing a green light and a red light from right ahead to 2 points abaft the beam on their respective sides. Such lantern shall be carried not less than 3 feet below the white light.
2. Small steamboats, such as are carried by sea-going vessels, may carry the white light at a less height than 9 feet above the gunwale, but it shall be carried above the combined lantern mentioned in subdivision (1) (b).
3. Vessels under oars or sails, of less than 20 tons, shall have ready at hand a lantern with a green glass on one side and a red glass at the other, which, on the approach of or to other vessels, shall be exhibited in sufficient time to prevent collision, so that the green light shall not be seen on the port side nor the red light on the starboard side.
4. Rowing boats, whether under oars or sail, shall have ready at hand a lantern showing a white light, which shall be temporarily exhibited in sufficient time to prevent collision.

The vessels referred to in this Article shall not be obliged to carry the lights prescribed by Article 4 (a) and Article 11, last paragraph.

Article 8. Pilot-vessels, when engaged on their station on pilotage duty, shall not show the lights required for other vessels, but shall carry a white light at the masthead, visible all round the horizon, and shall also exhibit a flare-up light or flare-up lights at short intervals, which shall never exceed 15 minutes.

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On the near approach of or to other vessels they shall have their side-lights lighted, ready for use, and shall flash or show them at short intervals, to indicate the direction in which they are heading, but the green light shall not be shown on the port side, nor the red light on the starboard side.

A pilot-vessel of such a class as to be obliged to go alongside of a vessel to put a pilot on board, may show the white light instead of carrying it at the masthead, and may, instead of the coloured lights above mentioned, have at hand ready for use a lantern with a green glass on the one side and a red glass on the other, to be used as prescribed above.

A steam pilot-vessel exclusively employed for the service of pilots licensed or certified by any pilotage authority or the committee of any pilotage district, when engaged on her station on pilotage duty and not at anchor, shall, in addition to the lights required for all pilot boats, carry at a distance of 8 feet below her white masthead light a red light visible all round the horizon and of such a character as to be visible on a dark night with a clear atmosphere at a distance of at least 2 miles, and also the coloured side-lights required to be carried by vessels when under way.

When engaged on her station on pilotage duty and at anchor she shall carry, in addition to the lights required for all pilot boats, the red light above mentioned, but not the coloured side-lights.

Pilot-vessels, when not engaged on their station on pilotage duty, shall carry lights similar to those of other vessels of their tonnage.

Article 9.* � Lights for Fishing and other Open Boats.- Fishing vessels and fishing boats, when under way and when not required by this Article to carry or show the lights hereinafter specified, shall carry or show the light prescribed for vessels of their tonnage under way.

1. Open boats, by which it is to be understood boats not protected from the entry of sea-water by means of a continuous deck, when engaged in any fishing at night with outlying tackle extending not more than 150 feet horizontally from the boat into the seaway, shall carry one all-round white light.

Open boats, when fishing at night, with outlying tackle extending more than 150 feet horizontally from the boat into the seaway, shall carry one all-round white light, and in addition, on approaching or being approached by other vessels, shall show a second white light at least 3 feet below the first light and at a horizontal distance of at least 5 feet away from it in the direction in which the outlying tackle is attached.

2. � Vessels and boats, except open boats as defined in sub-division (a), when fishing with drift-nets, shall, so long as the nets are wholly or partly in the water, carry two white lights where they can best be seen. Such lights shall be placed so that the vertical distance between them shall be not less than 6 feet and not more than 15 feet, and so that the horizontal distance between them, measured in a line with the keel, shall be not less than 5 feet and not more than 10 feet. The lower of these two lights shall be in the direction of the nets, and both of them shall be of such a character as to show all round the horizon, and to be visible at a distance of not less than 3 miles.

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* This Article does not apply to Chinese or Siamese vessels.

� The expression " Mediterranean Sea " contained in sub-sections (b) and (c) of this Article includes the Black Sea and the other adjacent inland seas in communication with it.

� Dutch vessels and boats when engaged in the " kol," or hand-line, fishing will carry the lights prescribed for vessels fishing with drift-nets.

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Within the Mediterranean Sea and in the seas bordering the coasts of Japan and Korea* sailing fishing vessels of less than 20 tons gross tonnage shall not be obliged to carry the lower of these two lights ; should they, however, not carry it, they shall show in the same position (in the direction of the net or gear) a white light, visible at a distance of not less than one sea mile, on the approach of or to other vessels.

3. Vessels and boats, except open boats as defined in sub-division (a), when line-fishing with their lines out and attached to or hauling their lines, and when not at anchor or stationary within the meaning of sub-division (h), shall carry the same lights as vessels fishing with drift-nets. When shooting lines, or fishing with towing lines, they shall carry the lights prescribed for a steam or sailing vessel under way respectively.

Within the Mediterranean Sea and in the seas bordering the coasts of Japan and Korea* sailing fishing vessels of less than 20 tons gross tonnage shall not be obliged to carry the lower of these two lights ; should they, however, not carry it, they shall show in the same position (in the direction of the lines) a white light, visible at a distance of not less than one sea mile on the approach of or to other vessels.

4. Vessels when engaged in trawling, by which is meant the dragging of an apparatus along the bottom of the sea:
1. If steam-vessels, shall carry in the same position as the white light mentioned in Article 2 (a) a tricoloured lantern so constructed and fixed as to show a white light from right ahead to two points on each bow, and a green light and a red light over an arc of the horizon from two points on each bow to two points abaft the beam on the starboard and port sides respectively ; and not less than 6 nor more than 12 feet below the tricoloured lantern a white light in a lantern, so constructed as to show. a clear uniform and unbroken light all round the horizon.
2. If sailing-vessels, shall carry a white light in a lantern so constructed as to show a clear uniform and unbroken light all round the horizon, and shall also, on the approach of or to other vessels, show, where it can best be seen, a white flare-up light or torch in sufficient time to prevent collision.

All lights mentioned in sub-division (d) (1) and (2) shall be visible at a distance of at least 2 miles.

5. Oyster dredgers and other vessels fishing with dredge nets shall carry and show the same lights as trawlers.
6. Fishing vessels and fishing boats may at any time use a flare-up light in addition to the lights which they are by this Article required to carry and show, and they may also use working lights.
7. Every fishing vessel and every fishing boat under 150 feet in length, when at anchor, shall exhibit a white light visible all round the horizon at a distance of at least 1 mile.

Every fishing vessel of 150 feet in length or upwards, when at anchor, shall exhibit a white light visible, all round the horizon at a distance of at least 1 mile, and shall exhibit a second light as provided for vessels of such length by Article 11.

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* Also, as regards Russian vessels, in the seas (excluding the Baltic) bordering the coasts of Russia.

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Should any such vessel, whether under 150 feet in length or of 150 feet in length or upwards, be attached to a net or other fishing gear, she shall on the approach of other vessels show an additional white light at least 3 feet below the anchor light, and at a horizontal distance of at least 5 feet away from it in the direction of the net or gear.

8. If a vessel or boat when fishing become stationary in consequence of her gear getting fast to a rock or other obstruction, she shall in daytime haul down the day signal required by sub-division (k) ; at night show the light or lights prescribed for a vessel at anchor ; and during fog, mist, falling snow, or heavy rain-storms make the signal prescribed for a vessel at anchor. (See sub-division (d) and the last paragraph of Article 15.)
9. In fog, mist, falling snow, or heavy rain-storms, drift-net vessels attached to their nets, and vessels when trawling, dredging, or fishing with any kind of drag-net, and vessels line-fishing with their lines out, shall, if of 20 tons gross tonnage or upwards, respectively, at intervals of not more than 1 minute make a blast ; if steam-vessels, with the whistle or siren, and if sailing vessels, with the fog-horn ; each blast to be followed by ringing the bell. Fishing vessels and boats of less than 20 tons gross tonnage shall not be obliged to give the above-mentioned signals ; but if they do not, they shall make some other efficient sound signal at intervals of not more than 1 minute.
10. All vessels or boats fishing with nets or lines or trawls, when under way, shall in daytime indicate their occupation to an approaching vessel by displaying a basket or other efficient signal where it can best be seen. If vessels or boats at anchor have their gear out, they shall, on the approach of other vessels, show the same signal on the side on which those vessels can pass.

The vessels required by this Article to carry or show the lights hereinbefore specified, shall not be obliged to carry the lights prescribed by Article 4 (a) and the last paragraph of Article 11.

Article 10. Light for Ship when being overtaken.- A vessel which is being overtaken by another shall show from her stern to such last-mentioned vessel a white light or a flare-up light.

The white light required to be shown by this Article may be fixed and carried in a lantern, but in such case the lantern shall be so constructed, fitted, and screened that it shall throw an unbroken light over an arc of the horizon of 12 points of the compass, viz., for G points from right aft on each side of the vessel, so as to be visible at a distance of at least 1 mile. Such light shall be carried as nearly as practicable on the same level as the side-lights.

Article 11. Lights for Ships at Anchor.- A vessel under 150 feet in length, when at anchor, shall carry forward, where it can best be seen, but at a height not exceeding 20 feet above the hull, a white light in a lantern so constructed as to show a clear, uniform, and unbroken light visible all round the horizon at a distance of at least I mile.

A vessel of 150 feet or upwards in length, when at anchor, shall carry in the forward part of the vessel, at a height of not less than 20, and not exceeding 40, feet above the hull one such light, and at or near the stern of the vessel, and at such a height that it shall be not less than 15 feet lower than the forward light, another such light.

The length of a vessel shall be deemed to be the length appearing in her certificate of registry.

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A vessel aground in or near a fairway shall carry the above light or lights and the two red lights prescribed by Article 4 (a).

Article 12. Flare-up Light or Detonating Signal.- Every vessel may, if necessary in order to attract attention, in addition to the lights which she is by these Rules required to carry, show a flare-up light, or use any detonating signal that cannot be mistaken for a distress signal.

Article 13. Proviso as to Lights of Squadrons and Convoys.- Nothing in these Rules shall interfere with the operation of any Special Rules made by the Government of any nation with respect to additional station and signal lights for two or more ships-of-war or for vessels sailing under convoy, or with the exhibition of recognition signals adopted by ship-owners, which have been authorised by their respective Governments and duly registered and published.

Article 14. Steam-vessel under Sail with Funnel up.- A steam-vessel proceeding under sail only, but having her funnel up, shall carry in daytime, forward, where it can best be seen, one black ball or shape 2 feet in diameter.

SOUND SIGNALS FOR FOG, &c.

Article 15. Fog, Mist, Snow Signals.- All signals prescribed by this Article for vessels under way shall be given:

(1) By " steam-vessels " on the whistle or siren.

(2) By " sailing vessels and vessels towed " on the fog-horn.

The words " prolonged blast " used in this Article shall mean a blast of from 4 to 6 seconds' duration.

A steam-vessel shall be provided with an efficient whistle or siren sounded by steam or some substitute for steam, so placed that the sound may not be intercepted by any obstruction, and with an efficient fog-horn, to be sounded by mechanical means, and also with an efficient bell.* A sailing vessel of 20 tons gross tonnage or upwards shall be provided with a similar fog-horn and bell.

In fog, mist, falling snow, or heavy rain-storms, whether by day or night, the signals described in this Article shall be used as follows, viz. :

1. A steam-vessel having way upon her, shall sound, at intervals of not more than two minutes, a prolonged blast.
2. A steam-vessel under way, but stopped and having no way upon her, shall sound, at intervals of not more than 2 minutes, two prolonged blasts, with an interval of about 1 second between them.
3. A sailing vessel under way shall sound, at intervals of not more than 1 minute, when on the starboard tack one blast, when on the port tack two blasts in succession, and when with the wind abaft the beam three blasts in succession.
4. A vessel, when at anchor, shall, at intervals of not more than 1 minute, ring the bell rapidly for about 5 seconds.
5. A vessel when towing, a vessel employed in laying or in picking up a telegraph cable, and a vessel under way, which is unable to get out of the way of an approaching vessel through being not under command, or unable to manoeuvre as required by these Rules, shall, instead of the signals prescribed in sub-divisions (a) and (c) of this Article, at intervals of not more than 2 minutes, sound three blasts in succession, viz., one prolonged blast followed by two short blasts. A vessel towed may give this signal, and she shall not give any other.

* In all cases where the Rules require a bell to be used, a drum may be substituted on board Turkish vessels, or a gong where such articles are used on board small sea-going vessels.

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Sailing vessels and boats of less than 20 tons gross tonnage shall not be obliged to give the above-mentioned signals, but if they do not, they shall make some other efficient sound-signal at intervals of not more than one minute.

SPEED OF SHIPS TO BE MODERATE IN FOG, &c.

Article 16. Speed in Fog, &e.- Every vessel shall, in a fog, mist, falling snow, or heavy rain-storms, go at a moderate speed, having careful regard to the existing circumstances and conditions.

A steam-vessel hearing, apparently forward of her beam, the fog-signal of a vessel the position of which is not ascertained, shall, so far as the circumstances of the case admit, stop her engines, and then navigate with caution until danger of collision is over.

STEERING AND SAILING RULES.

.Preliminary-Risk of Collision.

Risk of Collision.- Risk of collision can, when circumstances permit, be ascertained by carefully watching the compass-bearing of an approaching vessel. If the bearing does not appreciably change, such risk should be deemed to exist.

Article 17. Two Sailing Ships meeting.- When two sailing vessels are approaching one another so as to involve risk of collision, one of them shall keep out of the way of the other as follows, viz. :

1. A vessel which is running free shall keep out of the way of a vessel which is close hauled.
2. A vessel which is close hauled on the port tack shall keep out of the way of a vessel which is close hauled on the starboard tack.
3. When both are running free, with the wind on different sides, the vessel which has the wind on the port side shall keep out of the way of the other.
4. When both are running free, with the wind on the same side, the vessel which is to windward shall keep out of the way of the vessel which is to leeward.
5. A vessel which has the wind aft shall keep out of the way of the other vessel.

Article 18. When two steam-vessels are meeting end on, or nearly end on, so as to involve risk of collision, each shall alter her course to starboard, so that each may pass on the port side of the other.

This Article only applies to cases where vessels are meeting end on, or nearly end on, in such a manner as to involve risk of collision, and does not apply to two vessels which must, if both keep on their respective courses, pass clear of each other.

The only cases to which it does apply are when each of the two vessels is end on, or nearly end on, to the other; in other words to cases in which, by day, each vessel sees the masts of the other in a line, or nearly in a line, with her own ; and, by night, to cases in which each vessel is in such a position as to see both the side-lights of the other.

* Dutch steam pilot-vessels, when engaged on their station on pilotage duty in fog, mist, falling snow, or heavy rain-storms, are required to make, at intervals of 2 minutes at most, one long blast with the siren, followed after 1 second by a long blast with the steam whistle, and again after 1 second by a long blast on the siren. When not engaged on their station on pilotage duty, they make the same signals as other steamships.

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It does not apply, by day, to cases in which a vessel sees another ahead crossing her own course ; or by night, to cases where the red light of one vessel is opposed to the red light of the other, or where the green light of one vessel is opposed to the green light of the other, or where a red light without a green light, or a green light without a red light, is seen ahead, or where both green and red lights are seen anywhere but ahead.

Article 19. Two Steamships crossing.- When two steam-vessels are crossing, so as to involve risk of collision, the vessel which has the other on her own starboard side shall keep out of the way of the other.

Article 20. Steamship to keep out of way of Sailing Ship.- When a steam-vessel and a sailing vessel are proceeding in such directions as to involve risk of collision, the steam-vessel shall keep out of the way of the sailing vessel.

Article 21. Vessel not giving way to keep Course and Speed.- Where by any of these Rules one of two vessels is to keep out of the way, the other shall keep her course and speed.

NOTE.-When, in consequence of thick weather or other causes, such vessel finds herself so close that collision cannot be avoided by the action of

the giving-way vessel alone, she also shall take such action as will best aid to avert collision. (See Articles 2 7 and 29. )

Article 22. Avoiding Crossing Ahead.- Every vessel which is directed by these Rules to keep out of the way of another vessel shall, if the circumstances of the case admit, avoid crossing ahead of the other.

Article 23. Steamship giving way to slacken speed.- Every steam-vessel which is directed by these Rules to keep out of the way of another vessel shall, on approaching her, if necessary, slacken her speed or stop or reverse.

Article 24. Ships overtaking others.- Notwithstanding anything contained in these Rules, every vessel overtaking any other, shall keep out of the way of the overtaken vessel.

Every vessel coming up with another vessel from any direction more than 2 points abaft her beam, i.e., in such a position, with reference to the vessel which she is overtaking, that at night she would be unable to see either of that vessel's side-lights, shall be deemed to be an overtaking vessel; and no subsequent alteration of the bearing between the two vessels shall make the overtaking vessel a crossing vessel within the meaning of these Rules, or relieve her of the duty of keeping clear of the overtaken vessel until she is finally past and clear.

As by day the overtaking vessel cannot always know with certainty whether she is forward of or abaft this direction from the other vessel, she should, if in doubt, assume that she is an overtaking vessel and keep out of the way.

Article 25. In Narrow Channels.- In narrow channels every steam-vessel shall, when it is safe and practicable, keep to that side of the fairway or mid-channel which lies on the starboard side of such vessel.

Article 26. Keeping clear of Fishing Boats.- Sailing vessels under way shall keep out of the way of sailing vessels or boats fishing with nets or lines or trawls. This Rule shall not give to any vessel or boat engaged in fishing the right of obstructing a fairway used by vessels other than fishing vessels or boats.

Article 27. Proviso as to Dangers of Navigation, &c.- In obeying and construing these Rules, due regard shall be had to all dangers of navigation and collision, and to any special circumstances which may render a departure from the above Rules necessary in order to avoid immediate danger.

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SOUND SIGNALS FOR VESSELS IN SIGHT OF ONE ANOTHER.

Article 28. Sound Signals for Vessels in Sight of one another.-The words " short blast " used in this Article shall mean a blast of about 1 second's duration.

When vessels are in sight of one another, a steam-vessel under way, in taking any course authorised or required by these Rules, shall indicate that course by the following signals on her whistle or siren, viz. :-

NO VESSEL UNDER ANY CIRCUMSTANCES TO NEGLECT PROPER PRECAUTIONS.

Article 29. Proper Precautions never to be neglected.-Nothing in these Rules shall exonerate any vessel, or the owner, or master, or crew thereof, from the consequences of any neglect to carry lights or signals, or of any neglect to keep a proper look-out, or of the neglect of any precaution which may be required by the ordinary practice of seamen, or by the special circumstances of the case.

RESERVATION OF RULES FOR HARBOURS AND INLAND NAVIGATION.

Article 30. Proviso as to Harbours, &c.-Nothing in these Rules shall interfere with the operation of a special rule, duly made by local authority, relative to the navigation of any harbour, river, or inland waters.

DISTRESS SIGNALS.

Article 31. Signals for Ships in Distress.-When a vessel is in distress and requires assistance from other vessels or from the shore, the following shall be the signals to be used or displayed by her, either together or separately, viz. :-

1042. Lights for Small Steam Craft and Torpedo Boats.- The following Regulations are to be observed in respect to the lights to be carried by the small steam craft belonging to His Majesty's Navy:-

2. The above-mentioned lights are to be visible at the following distances at least on a clear night :

Bow lights - - - - One mile,
Masthead lights - - - Two miles,
Anchor lights - - - One mile,
and are in addition to show in the directions and over the arcs laid down in the Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea, contained in Article 1041.

1043. Ships' Boats.- Ships' boats, when under oars and away from their ships after dark, are to show a white light on the foremost awning stanchion.

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