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The
DNA Project
The text of this section, together with the results
chart, and the text of the following section About DNA Testing
is available as a PDF document called The
Warburton Surname DNA Project. The Warburton DNA ProjectDNA testing has recently begun to play an important
role in genealogical research, as an addition to traditional methods. A
Y-chromosome DNA test will determine the probability that the testee shares a
common ancestor with any other Warburton who as taken the test. This common
ancestor will have lived within the last 700 years i.e. the period during
which the name has been in use. Therefore I intend it should play a central role
in my One-name Study. For each Warburton clan identified by the study I plan to
identify the typical Y-chromosome profile of that clan. This requires the
identification of 2 similar profiles from descendants of the clan's oldest
common ancestor. At this stage the project is only seeking holders of
the Warburton surname. However, if you believe your name is derived from
Warburton, and you wish to test your assumption, you will be welcome to
participate. Before contributing you may want to learn more about
DNA testing. My own explanation can be found in the About
DNA Testing section of this site. You will also find some references. The project will aim to provide other information: ·
Each DNA includes a predicted haplotype. The historical
background for each distinct Warburton haplotype will be documented. ·
Some DNA profiles may be associated with specific localities.
This could be particularly useful in helping New World Warburtons trace their
roots. ·
The degree of variation between the profiles in a clan will
give an indication of the time since the clan’s common ancestor lived. This
will indicate whether there were multiple adopters of the Warburton name in the
Middle Ages, or if most distinct clans originate from later, non-paternal
events. I discuss ‘non-parental events ‘ in The
Significance of Distinct Profiles below. The success of the project depends on numbers of
Warburtons participating. Because it tests the Y-chromosome, only males can be
tested. However female genealogists can get involved by testing a male relative.
Also because a change in a 43 marker DNA profile will only occur on average once
every 12 generations it is only necessary to test one male from each family. I
would recommend you chose the oldest available male. In fact where a
relationship is already known, it is unnecessary for
anyone closer than 3rd cousins to take the test as it would
yield little information, but runs the risk of finding an unknown break in the
line. How to ParticipateEnrolment in the DNA Project is now possible without
taking a test and brings with it membership of the Warburton Society.
Just click here
to go to the DNA Heritage join page, or if you have a query or comment click here
to send me an email. If you would wish to take the test simply select to enrol
with a test. The project uses the full 43-marker test. Because this project is
part of the Advantage program at DNA Heritage a Y-chromosome DNA test taken as
part of this project costs $149 US (a $50 discount on the standard price). As an
alternative Ancestry
currently offer a DNA test at just $79 for 37 markers for subscribers. If you
already subscribe to Ancestry this may be a cheaper option. You can enrol
without a test and send me your results and I will include them in the project However, before proceeding we should explore your
known Warburton ancestors to see if a link can be established with a known
family. This might obviate the need for a test as I may already have a profile
for your family. The process of testing, payment, and notification of
individual results is being run by DNA
Heritage. DNA Heritage will confirm your enrolment by email, and issue an
invoice which can be paid online by credit or debit card. On receipt of payment
they will send a test kit to your home. When the test kit arrives you simply
perform the test, which involves taking a swab from inside your cheek, and mail
the kit back. There are two options. You can either mail the kit direct to the
laboratory in Utah, or mail it to the UK office in Wiltshire for onward
dispatch. There will be addressed envelopes for each.. You will then be informed
when the result is available, and how to access it. I get copies of all DNA
Heritage communications. I will include your results in my Results
spreadsheet and in my Commentary
on Results. I will also identify which Warburton clan your profile is
associated with. I may also place the results on 2 databases for
comparison purposes. These are Ybase,
a
free, open global genealogical resource that is closely linked to DNA Heritage,
and Ysearch,
a similar resource from Family Tree DNA. In each case the DNA result will only
be identified by a code and place of origin, and of course that it is a
Warburton profile. See my Privacy Policy. Your
participation signifies your agreement to me using your result in this way. Project FundI have established a Project Fund so I can invite anyone to take a test whose profile is of more interest to the project than to themselves. I can also offer a Warburton Y-chromosome DNA test (normally $189) to anyone who donates $150 to the fund. Just click here to go to the Project Page at DNA Heritage, and click the 'Make a Donation' button. Then send me an email by clicking here stating the name, postal address, and optionally email address of the person to be tested and I will get a test kit sent, and when the time comes, pay the invoice from the Project Fund. If a group of you wish to pool donations to fund a test that's fine. Also
simple donations are welcome. Every little helps. If you would like to support the project by making a donation
to the fund please click here.
This will take you to the appropriate page at DNA Heritage where you can make
your donation via credit card, or PayPal. DNA HeritageDNA
Heritage has been chosen as the testing site for the Warburton Surname DNA
Project for the following reasons: 1.
They offer a very comprehensive 43-marker test at a
reasonable price. If the project administrator is a typical Warburton it is
possible that many participants will conform to the most common Western European
DNA profile (called the Atlantic Modal Haplotype). It is therefore important to
start with a high-resolution test that will differentiate participants
sufficiently. 2.
At $199 for the 43-marker test (reduced to $149 for participants in the
Warburton surname project), they offer a competitive price. 3.
They provide a service for administrating and reporting on a
Surname project. 4. They are a British company, but conduct all their testing in the USA. Commentary on ResultsEach participant will receive his own results in a
report from DNA Heritage. As Project Administrator I will also see their results
and will be able to compare them with other results. A table of results can be
found here. The following commentary assumes knowledge of some DNA
concepts. These are explained on the About DNA page of this site. I
now have results from 16 participants, plus a few possibly related
profiles from other sources. These results have produced 10
different profiles. There are also four different haplotypes. In addition I have the results of two possible
Warburtons, one from Ysearch, and one supplied independently. The owner of the
Ysearch Y-chromosome has a family legend that that his ancestor was a Warburton
who used his mother’s maiden name to escape certain lady problems when
emigrating to America. As yet this profile has no match so further genealogical
research and/or a genetic match with a genuine Warburton are needed to confirm
this. The second profile from a man who is believed to be descended from the
brother of a man who adopted the Warburton name, and so his profile is
potentially the profile of the Warburton descendants (see The Mongan
Warburtons in Warburton Clans). To understand the significance of these results I will
describe my approach to analysing the results, before discussing the
significance of distinct profiles, and describing matched profiles. There is
also a section explaining the various haplotypes, and one on my mitochondria
(female ancestry). AnalysisThe first task in analysing the results is to group
matching results. A match occurs when the number of individual marker mismatches
is low enough to have occurred in the 750 years, or 20 generations, since the
first Warburton, based on known marker mutation rates. The A Most Recent Common Ancestor (MRCA) Calculator is then used to assess the number of generations back to the common ancestor. I use two calculators that are available on the Internet. The first uses formulae developed by Bruce Walsh and presented in a paper in Genetics to determine the probability of the common ancestor being within any number of generations, given the number of markers, the mutation rate, and the number of mutations. The second,, by Ann Turner, uses a Poisson distribution to determine the probability for any number of mutations given the number of markers, the mutation rate, and the number of transmission events from father to son. As these calculators don’t use identical distributions the results are not identical though they are similar. Also note a generation involves two transmissions. A grandson is two generations from his grandfather, but there are four transmission events between two cousins who share a grandfather. These calculators need a mutation rate as input. A paper by John F Chandler in 2006 and documented on Wikipedia states that different markers have been observed to have different mutation rates, varying from 0.055% to 0.8%. However not all the markers from the DNA Heritage test are covered though there are figures for some other markers in the work of Doug MacDonald from 2004. An average of the mutation rates is 0.28%. However DNA Heritage use a rate of 0.3%, and the MRCA calculator at moseswalker.com is saying that the latest research points to a rate of 0.43%. Based on these rates, the probability of a match given 1 - 5 mismatches in a 43 marker test is as follows. The likely number of generations quoted represent the range from a 40% probability to a 60% probability of the common ancestor being that number of generations back:
Six to eight mismatches combined this with a shared surname might a common ancestor, but more than that would indicate the participants are probably not related. An apparent match, but where the surnames are different, could be evidence of an illegitimate birth where the father was a Warburton, but because mutations occur in both directions it is possible for a match to be purely random. Additional evidence would be needed to confirm a link. The
next step is to analyse each group, or clan of matching profiles in
conjunction with known genealogy. The two objectives of this analysis
will be to estimate how long ago this clan adopted the Warburton
name, and to build a tool that will aid genealogical research.Both
these objectives will require many more results than are currently
available. Estimates of the time of adoption will be based
primarily on the amount of variability and genetic distance evidenced amongst
the matched profiles. Greater variability and genetic distance implies an
earlier adoption. Results will be cross checked with known genealogy where
possible. The aid to genealogical research will be in the form
of a phylogenetic tree for each clan. This is a form of family tree which shows
where and when individual marker mutations can have occurred. In this way new
results can be matched to specific parts of the tree, rather than the tree as a
whole, giving a more precise indication where common ancestors may be found. Finally I would hope to determine if there is truth in
the premise that Sir Peter de Dutton was the only original adopter of the
Warburton name. It is inevitable that over the last 750 years events such as
adoptions or illegitimate births will mean many Warburtons no longer carry the
Y-chromosome of Peter de Dutton, even if such events do not deny their link to
the original family. But if a significant proportion (circa 50%) of modern
Warburtons show they have a good probability of sharing a common ancestor around
750 years ago, and no other strong clans of similar age emerge, then this would
support the premise of Norman Warburton’s book. The
Significance of Distinct Profiles
The
significance of 10 un-matched profiles is that 9 separate individuals
have adopted the Warburton name at some point in the last
750 years. It is worth reviewing
the situations by which such adoptions might occur (the earliest ancestor of one
participant is known to be illegitimate). Initially when surnames were first being required to
aid feudal record keeping, around the time when Sir Peter de Dutton changed his
name, it is quite conceivable that others from the Warburton estates, or the
village of Warburton also decided to adopt the name of their place of birth. Since then
others may have taken the Warburton name rather than their father’s.
Such an occasion is referred to as a 'non-parental
event'. Examples include both adoption and illegitimacy. Another example is Charles Mongan Warburton, Bishop of Cloyne in Ireland,
who started his life as a Mongan and changed his name to Warburton( the name of
his maternal cousins) in 1792 (see The Mongan
Warburtons in Warburton Clans). It is estimated that in each generation the rate of
‘non-paternity events’ is 1-2%. Since the Warburton name is 750
years old, if we assume a generation every 30 years, there have been 25
generations of Warburtons. Therefore it is possible that 50% of modern Warburtons have a
non-paternity event somewhere in their history. The Warburton Profiles
So
far I have uncovered 9
different Warburton profiles, including my own, that
have no chance of sharing a common male ancestor in the last 750 years, or even
7500 years, with either me or each other. I also have a 10th
profile that may also prove to belong to a Warburton clan. Only
two of the profiles have been encountered more than once. These profiles and the
Warburton clans to which they relate are as follows: 1.
Two
results are from The Warburtons of Garryhinch. This clan consists of the
descendants of three brothers who were present in Ireland in the second half of
the 17th century. The results come from descendants of two of the
three brothers, so their common ancestor is about 9 generations back. There
were 4 mismatches over 43 markers (2 in the same multi-copy marker). I use a
mutation rate of .0028, which means that whilst 4 mutations is slightly up on
what one might expect, it would still occur in 10% of such situations, so I
believe this profile is proved to be a marker for the whole of the
clan. Furthermore the family claims kinship with the Warburtons of Arley and
although there is nothing to corroborate this, the claim has at times been
accepted by the family at Arley. Therefore it is possible that this profile is
that of the Warburtons of Arley. It would take matches with subjects outside the
Garryhinch clan to increase this possibility. The predicted haplotype of this
profile is J2. 2. My own profile, from The Warburtons of Hale Barns is matched with several others. My research into possible links is documented in My Genetic Links under My Genealogy. I have also produced a Phylogenetic Tree for the clan. The haplotype of this clan is R1b1b2. The matched profiles are found in the following clans (letters refer to the Phylogenetic Tree):
3. Three
results are from The Warburtons of Warburton. Of these 2 match. Their
common ancestor is William Warburton (1733-1822), who is 6 generations
back from the participants. One of these participants is
related to Norman Warburton, author of Warburton: The Village and the
Family, in which he also published his own tree back to the 16th
century in Warburton village. The predicted haplotype is I1a -AS13
which is typical of the Anglo Saxons. The third result is a mismatch,
and is haplotype R1b. The identified common ancestor of all three
participants is 8 generations back, and is the grandfather of William
(1733-1822). The mismatch implies either an error in the tree, or the
mismatched profile was introduced by an unrecorded non-paternal event
in one of the 10 links from William (1733-1822), up to his grandfather,
and down to the third participant. It is still not certain which
profile is the original clan profile.
4.
A result from The Warburtons of Bowdon and Timperley relates to a
family who, like my own ancestors, have an
association with Bowdon Parish dating back to before 1600. Current on-line haplotype predictors identify the haplotype as I2b1 Continental with a 69% chance of being Continental 1. 5.
A
result from The Warburtons of Sandbach relates to the family of Ralph
Warburton who was born circa 1817 in Sandbach, Cheshire to a father named
Joseph. The predicted haplotype is R1b. 6.
One result comes from a participant in Australia whose earliest known
ancestor was born in the Rochdale, Lancashire area circa 1770. This
clan has not yet been documented. The predicted haplotype is R1b. 7.
One result comes from a participant whose earliest known ancestor was
born in 1820 in Stockport to a father named Josiah. This
clan has not yet been documented. The
predicted haplotype is R1b. There is some evidence that this might come
from an illegitimacy and father Josiah is a face saving white lie. 8.
One result comes from a line which appeared in Nottinghamshire in the
19th century, with the father said to be born in 1809. There is no
earlier evidence of the family in Nottinghamshire, and they probably
moved there to work in the coal mines. Their origin is uncertain. The
predicted haplotype is R1b. 9.
One result comes from a descendant of John Charles Warburton born in 1808
in Wilmslow, Cheshire, the illegitimate son of Alice, the daughter on Peter
Warburton and Alice Holt. It is not surprisingly unique. In due course
traditional genealogical research may determine which clan Peter belongs to. 10.
The Mongan profile provided by the Mongans of Australia may in due course
be proved to be the profile of the descendants of Charles Terence Mongan
Warburton, the Bishop of Cloyne. Even if a non-paternity rate
of 2% were to mean that 50% of modern Warburtons have such an event in their
ancestry, the number of unmatched profiles, compared with matched ones, is
beginning to suggest that more than one person adopted the Warburton name
about 750 years ago. This suggestion is supported by the depth of some of the
associated family trees. However it will only be when matches are found
and related
to the documentary evidence that we will have a better understanding of the
origin of these profiles. Warburton HaplotypesOver recent years researchers have used a Single
Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) test on either mitochondria or the Y-chromosome to
divide the world’s population into a relatively small number of clans, defined
by haplotypes. The clans are
sometimes called haplogroups. By studying very slowly changing elements of DNA
they have determined sequences of change, and the age of specific changes. By
combining this data with the archaeological record they have determined
sequences of human migration around the world since the first modern humans left
Africa 50-80,000 years ago (depending on who you read). A number of popular books have appeared on this
subject in recent years by writers such as Brian Sykes (‘Seven Daughters of
Eve’, and ‘‘Blood of the Isles’) and Stephen Oppenheimer (‘Out of
Eden’ and ‘The Origins of the British’). See References. To try and help,
Sykes and Oppenheimer give the clans, or haplogroups names but they are
inconsistent so I will ignore them. Although the Series Tandem Repeat (STR) test we use for this project is different from the SNP test, it provides a prediction for your most likely haplotype. I have had a Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) test and determined that my haplotype is R1b1b2. The designation of some of the haplotypes has changed over time so I am using the most recent designation. R1b1b2 is a large subcategory of R1b. This covers 40-70% of the population of continental Western Europe rising to 82% in Ireland. There are some small sub-groups of R1b3, but the majority are not further delineated and are identified by the star. Hopefully the future will produce defining mutations to further differentiate them. In
the meantime Stephen Oppenheimer, in The Origins of the British, uses
STR results to further subdivide haplotypes, though he doesn’t
publish the actual numbers so you can categorise yourself. That’s
available as a chargeable service. It should be noted that the underlying theme of Stephen Oppenheimer’s book is that most British Y-chromosome lines have been present since the Stone Age, and later invasions, even that of the Anglo-Saxons had relatively limited genetic impact. The Celtic ‘invasion’ he sees as merely a cultural migration. He hasn’t identified any specific Norman markers that link back to Normandy, but suggests that due to intermarriage they may not be entirely Norwegian. Due to the work of Dr Ken Nordtvedt haplotype I can be subdivided based on the STR result. There is a haplogroup predictor which will further predict the subgroup (subclade) of anyone in haplogroup I. The
following discussions of the origins of the Warburton haplotypes are
primarily based on Oppenheimer and Nordtvedt. The various haplotypes
are also discussed in some detail on Wikepedia, (google "haplotype nn",
where nn is the haplotype you wish to view) and at eupedia.com, though the latter embodies a controversial theory on R1b (see below). R1b
Members of the R1b haplogroup,
are believed to be descendants of the first modern human
migrants into Europe some 35-40,000 years ago. This is known as the Upper
Palaeolithic migration and was characterised by the Aurignacian culture.
During the last Ice Age they retreated to a number of refuges in southern
Europe. The mutation that defines R1b occurred in the Iberian refuge. As the Ice
Age retreated groups from the refuges began to repopulate Europe, though the
process was interrupted by a fifteen hundred year cold period called the Younger
Dryas. which ended 11,500 years ago. R1b1b2
R1b1b2 includes the major
proportion of the R1b haplogroup. The
Atlantic Modal Haplotype
This sub-group of R1b originates from the Iberian
refuge. The first post Ice Age settlers remained in Britain (which was attached
to the continent at the time) during the Younger Dryas, but when a warmer
climate returned a new wave moved north from the Iberian refuge. It was this
wave that included the people identified by the AMH. The sub-group is still most
common in the Basque country but it is frequent all along the coast
of Western Europe including Western Britain and the Channel coasts.
It is present to a lesser extent in Scandinavia. I
Haplogroup
I originated in Trans-Caucasus and entered Europe before the last Ice
Age, and is associated with the Upper Palaeolithic Gravettian culture.
During the last Ice Age members of this haplogoup retreated to the
Balkan and Ukrainian refuges. Here a number of sub groups evolved.
Modern day similarities between the incidence of various haplotype I
sub groups in Britain and in Scandinavia and Germany have been cited as
evidence of recent invasions of Viking and Anglo-Saxon elites. However
although some intrusions can be identified, especially when I sub
groups are further divided using STR analysis, the majority of the I
haplogroup migration into Britain occurred in Neolithic, and
pre-Neolithic times. I1a-AS13
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LinksThere are a number of links scattered through the text on the various pages. They are listed here for quick access.IntroductionMessage Boards:Ancestry Rootsweb Genealogy.com LostCousins Warburton: The Village and the Family by Norman Warburton UK National Health Service Register US 1990 census National Trust website Warburton Clans
Warburton
Family Trees |