The King's Daughters




			SOURCE Return to Filles du Roi

		By: Thomas J. Laforest Editors note: This article first appeared in Heritage Quest, issue #22 May/June 1989. Rare indeed is the French-Canadian who does not have a Fille du Roi, or Daughter of the King in his ancestry. This was a title given to the women who came to New France under the protection of King Louis XIV to seek a husband. They came armed with a dowry from the King, hence his daughters. A dowry was most important to a girl seeking a secure future in the France of the XVII century. In a period when positions were bought and sold, the size of a girl’s dowry often determined her future status. It mattered not if she sought marriage or convent life, without a dowry a widow or orphan had little to look forward to other than a life of drudgery or worse. So then, put yourself in the shoes of one of those unfortunates. Given the alternatives, would you brave a long and arduous sea voyage under the most inhuman conditions, especially for a woman, the lack of amenities in the wilderness of New France, marriage to a stranger with the prospect of death in childbirth or by a blow from an Iroquois tomahawk? Armed with a dowry, over 800 of them did just that— and thereon hangs the tale we are about to tell! Before 1663, the first girls who came to Canada looking for a husband were known as Filles des marier or “marriageable daughters.” In general, these girls paid for their own passage or indentured themselves as servants for a stated period of time in return for their passage, shelter and keep. There was always employment available because the most difficult person to find in the colony was a female servant, considered necessary for large well-to-do families or for the nuns who were busy teaching or nursing. These women were encouraged to come to Canada but few did. Some other way had to be found. The average French man, penniless and without a family, faced with military conscription and living in unsettled times when to be poor was to be outcast, was more susceptible to recruitment for a life in the New World than were the women. Soon, Canadian life consisted of men without women. True, there were always the Indian girls, and many a Frenchman resorted to consortium out of necessity, aided by the amoral (by Catholic European standards) folkways of the natives. Some even married Indian girls. Pierre BOUCHER, an early colonial leader, himself married to one, envisaged a “new race being formed” by this propagation. However, the squaws did not have many children, or at least very many who lived to adulthood. The Frenchmen wanted French girls and let their desires be known to the Intendant of those times, colonial administrator, Jean TALON. It was TALON, beseeching the King’s minister COLBERT, who started the ball rolling. Seeing that French women were sorely needed to establish a viable French civilization, TALON wrote “send us strong, intelligent and beautiful girls of robust health, habituated to farm work.” Indeed the bachelor farmers wanted strong partners who could do their share of the work. Keep in mind that the first horse did not reach New France until 1647! Yes, there were oxen and horses for those who could afford them, but the average farmer cleared his land with the help of his wife and sometimes a hired hand, if he could find one. A not uncommon sight in those days before draft animals had been bred in sufficient numbers, was that of the wife pulling the plow and her husband pushing with one hand and holding a musket at the ready with the other. It is no coincidence then, that most of the girls came from the farm country of Normandy and the Ile-de-France. Historian Gustave LANCTOT tells us that out of 852 King’s Daughters, 314 came from the Ile and 153 from Normandy. Other provinces contributed as follows: Aunis, 86; Champagne, 43; Poitou, 36; Anjou, 22; Beauce, 22; Maine, 19; Orleanais, 19; and 32 from nine other provinces. We are speaking of the Provinces of France under the Old Regime. Why this preponderance of girls from these two provinces? A likely reason is that most of the men who emigrated to Canada came from these places. That is not to say that the girls knew the men who went ahead of them, although that is a possibility in some cases. It is more than likely that communications provided the key. Letters home from officials and churchmen were widely circulated. Keep in mind that the average person could neither read nor write and most could not even sign their own names. These communications usually were in the form of mission reports from the Jesuits, known as the Jesuit Relations among others. Widely read in France by other religious persons, they were extensively disseminated among the faithful. Is it any wonder then, that under the urging of the Sisters who ran an orphanage, a girl could be influenced to go to New France where she would be needed? Was there any other characteristic that we may select to account for these two provinces sending the majority of girls to Canada. Well, yes, if you remember that the primate city of France was, and still is Paris, the center of the Ile-de-France. It would have more than a normal share of orphans, foundlings and girls without a family or future. In fact, most of the early arrivals were from Paris and the farms of the Beauce, the area around Paris. Inevitably, someone would seek to cast a shadow of doubt on the girls’ morals by suggesting that they were the sweepings from the streets of the cities. A certain Baron La HONTAN did just that, and was vigorously refuted by others who conducted extensive research on the subject. If the Ile-de-France contributed the greater share of girls because the population was in the cities, then why so many from Normandy? Because this is where the hard working farm girls were located, those who heard about Canada and were influenced to emigrate to find a husband and a new life. I don’t know if there is any such thing as a “typical” Frenchman, but if there is, he is not a Norman. The word itself suggests “Northman” and indeed it is so. The Vikings of Scandinavia invaded and settled that area of France known as Normandy during the period from 800 to 1050 A.D. Their variation of French language, customs, architecture and government set the pattern for the occupation of New France which was to follow. Now that we have set the stage, why not take a look at the players in the drama -the girls themselves. A few, very few, were women of quality; the so-called noblewomen. Let us skip these and look at what the vast majority had in common: the fact of poverty. This is why the largess from the King was so necessary. They were promised 50 livres if they married a soldier or farmer and 100 livres if an officer. There were very few of the latter simply because there were very few officers who needed help in finding a girl of their own choice. The girl was usually selected by her parish priest on recommendation from the Sisters in charge of an orphanage, where she had learned to read and write. It is notable that many of the girls were literate whereas the men they would marry were not. Now she had to be outfitted for the voyage and to begin her future life. Historian Douville and Casanova may be quoted as follows: “To this statutory grant (the dowry) other essential expenses were added. The first disbursement was set at 100 livres: 10 for personal and moving expenses, 30 for clothing and 60 for passage. In addition to the clothing allowance, the following were furnished: a small hope chest in which to put 1 head dress, 1 taffeta handkerchief, 1 pair of shoe ribbons, 100 sewing needles, 1 comb, 1 spool of white thread, 1 pair of stockings, 1 pair of gloves, 1 pair of scissors, 2 knives, 1,000 pins, 1 bonnet, 4 lace braids and 2 livres in silver money. On arrival in Canada, the Sovereign Council of New France provided the girls with some clothing suitable to the climate and some provisions drawn from the King’s warehouse.” The men eagerly awaited the arrival of the girls and the selection process was usually concluded in a fortnight. Nevertheless, the girl could pick and choose, often to the point of exercising her prerogative a few times over. When the match had been made, the newly married couple was given 50 livres to buy provisions, plus an ox and a cow, 2 pigs, a pair of chickens, 2 barrels of salted meat and 11 crowns in cash. All this was supposed to give them a start in their new life. Any event such as this is bound to have a few misfires, and there were some to be sure. A few of the girls just did not get married. Some of these became nuns, some domestic servants and some returned to France. However, a greater category were those who simply could not make up their mind about which man to marry. The custom of the time provided that a civil contract of marriage be made before a notary and witnesses and signed by the couple themselves. Then came the official religious ceremony, after which the marriage was to have taken place. Those of you who read into this in greater detail will hear the word “annulment.” It refers to a cancellation of the contract, not the marriage itself. The large number of girls who formally contracted before a notary, then had the contract annulled, new partners obtained, another annulment, the earlier partner back again and finally the church ceremony. Typical of these annulments is one taken from J. and V. Durand’s Jean Durand et sa Posterité, as quoted in Reisinger and Courteau’s The King’s Daughters: Jean DURAND signed a contract as a recruit for New France 3 March 1657. By 1660, DURAND had completed his three years of service and obtained a land concession at Cap Rouge. On 3 October 1661, before witnesses which included Squire Pierre BOUCHER, Sieur de Grosbois and Governor of Trois-Rivieres, he contracted to marry Marie FAYETTE, a File du Roi who had arrived that year. DURAND returned to Cap Rouge and Mile. FAYETTE remained in Trois-Rivieres with the nuns until DURAND would return for the church ceremony. However, on 12 January 1662, Mlle. FAYETTE appeared before a civil notary and had the first agreement annulled. She then contracted to marry Charles POULIOT but had that agreement annulled as well. Finally, on 26 July 1662, she married Nicolas HUOT. What happened to Jean DURAND? Did he die of a broken heart? Not likely! On23 September Ibb2 in Quebec, he contracted to wed an orphan Huron girl who had been raised in the Ursuline convent at Québec since 1654. She was probably 14 when they married and while we do not know if they lived happily ever after, we do know that their descendants in Canada and the United States now number in the tens of thousands. The total number of King’s Daughters, like the total number of immigrants into New France, during the period from 1663 to 1673, vary according to the historian cited. Estimates vary from a low of 774 (Silvio DUMAS) to a high of 961 (Gustave LANCTOT). The average for six historians is 805 or 16.45% of the total population, estimated at less than 5000 souls during the same time frame. Dollier de CASBON wrote from Montréal, “Though the cold is very wholesome to both sexes, it is incomparably more so to the female, who is almost immortal here.” The scheme of TALON to populate New France by the importation of officially sponsored girls was successful beyond his dreams. This Intendant reported that in 1670 most of the girls who had arrived in 1669 were already pregnant and that in 1671 nearly 700 children were born by them. Without exaggeration it can be said that these women created a nation, from which millions of us have peopled both Canada and the United States. For those of you who would like to read into the story of The King’s Daughters in greater detail, the best reference by far, in English, is by Reisinger and Courteau, quoted in the bibliography. A list of The King’s Daughters follows: A Return to Filles du Roi ABRAHAM, Marguerite ADAM, Anne AFFILE, Marie AGATHE, Marie-Anne ALAIN, Marie ALBERT, Marie ALLENCE, Marie ALTON, Madeleine AMIOT, Jeanne ANDRÉ, Louise ANDRIEU, Marguerite ANGELIER, Denise ARCULAR, Marie ARDIES, Jeanne ARINART, Anne ARIOT, Marie ASSERIN, Fleurance ATTENVILLE, Marie AUBÉ, Marguerite AUBERT, Elisabeth AUBERT, Isabelle AUBERT, Jeanne AUBRY, Françoise AUBRY, Anne AUGER, Jeanne AUVRAY, Madeleine B BAGAU, Antoinette BAHAN, Marie BAILLON, Catherine BAILLY, Madeleine BAISLA, Françoise BALLIE, Catherine BAMON, Marie-Anne BANSE, Françoise BARBARET, Jeanne BARBARY, Marie BARBARY, Françoise BARBIER, Jeanne BARDE, Anne BARDOU, Marie-Louise BARIL, Marie BARILLET, Anne BARON, Barbe BARRE, Catherine BARRY, Marie BARTON, Françoise-Marthe BASSET, Catherine BAUDAIN, Catherine BAUDON, Etiennette BAUGE, Anne BAUGRAIN, Marguerite BEAUJEAN, Marie-Jeanne BEAUMONT, Marie-Anne BEAUPERE, Marie-Louise BEAUREGARD, Marthe BEAUVEAU, Jeanne BELLECHASSE, Anne BELLEHUMEUR, Françoise BELLESOEUR, Anne BENOIT, Marie BERARD, Marie BERAUD, Anne BERCIER, Louise BERDE, Jeanne BERGER, Marguerite BERNARD, Jeanne BERRIN, Marguerite BERTAUT, Anne BERTIN, Marie BESCHE, Jeanne BESNARD, Jeanne BEUZELIN, Catherine BIDEGUIN, Madeleine BIERE, Marie BILLOT, Catherine BILLOT, Genevieve BILLOT, Lucrée BILODEAU, Jeanne BILODEAU, Marie BINARD, Marie BINAUDIERE, Marguerite BIRETTE, Renée BIZELON, Francoise BLAIN, Marie-Anne BLAINVILLAIN, Anne BLAISE, Marguerite BLANCHARD, Marie BLAY, Elisabeth BLOIS, Marguerite BLONDEAU, Jeanne BLUTEAU, Antoinette BODIN, Anne BOETE, Marie BOISLEAU, Marie BOIVIN, Françoise BOLPER, Marie-Louise BONHEUR, Marie BONIN, Nicole BONNE, Marie BONNEAU, Hélène BONNEAU, Jeanne BONNEFOY, Marguerite BONVILLE, Marie BOUART, Marie BOUCAULT, Jeanne-Marguerite BOUCHARD, Jeanne BOUCHARD, Louise BOUCHER, Madeleine BOUILLON, Marie BOULLARD, Marie BOUBIER, Marguerite BOURGEOIS, Catherine BOURGEOIS, Françoise BOURGEOIS, Jeanne BOURGEOIS, Marie BOURGOUIN, Marie BOUTET, Marie-Madeleine BOVAN, Marie BOYER, Bathe BRACONNIER, Jeanne BRANDON, Anne BREMAILLE, Marie BREUILLET, Isabeau BREVAL, Marie BRIAU, Marie BRISET, Marie BRUNEAU, Catherine BRUNET, Anne BULETEZ, Marguerite BUOT, Marie BUREAU, Catherine BUREL, Jeanne BUTEAU, Thomette C CAJET, Marie-Jeanne CAILLAUD, Andree CAILLE, Jeanne CAILLET, Marie CAILLY, Hélène COMPAGNON, Antoinette CAMPION, Marie CANARD, Marie-Madeleine CARBONNET, Madeleine CARCIREUX, Sylvine CARDILLON, Marguerite CARTIER, Marie CARTIGNIER, Marie CARTOIS, Henriette CEDERET, Jeanne CELLES, Marie CERISIER, Jeanne CHABERT, Marguerite CHAFOUET, Denise CHAMBOY, Marie CHAMFRIN, Renee CHAMOIS, Marie CHANDOYSEAU, Nicole CHARBONNIER, Marie-Madeleine CHARIE, Marie CHARIER, Louise CHARON, Françoise CHARPENTIER, Marguerite CHARPENTIER, Marie CHARPENTIER., Marie-Reine CHARRETON, Jeanne CHARTER, Jeanne CHARTIER, Michelle CHARTON, Jeanne CHASSELIN, Marguerite CHATOU, Marie CHAUSY, Marie CHAUVET, Marie CHAUVREAUX, Renée CHAVELOT, Anne CHEMEREAU, Marguerite CHERFAULT/CHERFAUX, Denise CHESSON, Louise CHEVALIER, Jeanne CHEVALIER, Suzanne CHEVALIER, Françoise CHEVREAU, Marie CHRETIEN, Madeleine CHRETIEN, Marie CLERICE, Catherine COHE, Charlotte COIGNART, Marie COIPEL, Marie COLET, Marguerite COLIN, Anne COLIN, Denise COLIN, Rose-Marie COLLET, Jeanne CONFLANS, Françoise COTTIN, Marie-Catherine COUET, Marie COUSIN, Françoise COIfFURE, Anne COY, Charlotte CRETEL, Elisabeth CROISSETTE, Marie CROSNIER, Jeanne CURE, Francoise D D’AILLE, Anne D’ALLON, Marie D’OCQUINCOURT, Anne D’OLLERY, Anne D’ORANGE, Barbe DAINE, Marie DAIRE, Marie DAMANE, Denise DAMESNIL, Denise DAMOUR, Héléne DAMOYS, Marie DANNESE, Marie-Esther DANNEVILLE, Gabrielle DAUBIGNY, Marguerite DE COUDRAY, Marie DE L’ASTRE, Mrienne DE LA GUERIPIERE, Elisabeth DE LACROIX, Antoinette DE LASTRE, Françoise DE LAUNY, Marguerite DE LAVAL, Claude DE STE. FOY, Marguerite DE BAILLON. Catherine DE BEAUREGARD, Marie DE BEAURENOM, Antoinette DE BELLEAU, Catherine DE BEUNINE, Marie DE BIDQUIN, Madeleine DE BOISANDRE, Catherine DE BRETIGNY, Marie DE CHARMENIL, Françoise DE CHAURANEVILLE,Madeleine DE CHEURANVILLE,Claude DE COGUENNE, Charlotte DE CONFLANS, Francoise DE FONTENAY, Catherine DE GUESNEL, Anne-Mane DELA FITTE, Appoline DELA HAYE, Catherine DELA HAYE, Michelle DELA HAYNE, Jeanne DELA TOUR, Catherine DE LACOUR, Marie DE LACROIS, Suzanne DE LACROIX, Françoise DE LAHOGUE, Marie-Claire DE LALORE, Catherine DE LAMARCHE, Charlotte DE LAMARE, Catherine DE LAMARE, Marie DE LAMOTFE, Diane DE LAMOTFE, Jeanne DE LAPIERRE, Pemne DE LAPLACE, Marguerite DE LAPORTE, Marie-Anne DE LARUE, Charlotte DE LICERACE, Suzanne DE LIMOGES, Marie DE LOSTELNEAU, Catherine DE MANCHON, Claude DE MARINNE, Jeanne DE MATRAS, Judith DE MESNIL, Françoise DE MONMAINER, Marie DE NEVELET, Marguerite DE NOTE, Jeanne DE NOYON, Marie DE PITIE, Françoise DE PORTAS, Angelique DE PROVINLIEU, Marguerite DE QUAIN, Anne DE ROYBON, Madeleine DES GRANGES, Louise DESCHALETS, Claude DESCHALETS, Elisabeth DESCHALETS, Madeleine DESCHAMPS, Anne DESCHAMPS, Marie DESCHAMPS, Madeleine DESEINE, Catherine DESFOSSES, Françoise DESHAIES, Marguerite DESHAIES, Marie DESJARDINS, Françoise DESMARETS, Catherine DESMATETS, Etiennette DESPORTES, Françoise DESPRES, Madeleine DESTOUCHES, Agnes DESVEAUX, Marie DEVALLOIS, Catherine DE VIGNY, Marie DEXARD, Jeanne DODIER, Jeanne DOIGT, Anibroisine DORIANE, Simone DOSDAIN, Anne DOUCINET, Isabelle DROUET, Catherine DU MONTMESNEY, Marie DU FAUSSAY, Jeanne DU FIGUIER, Héléne DU GUESNEL, Jeanne-Marie DUBICOURT, Jeanne DUBIE, Francoise DUBOCT, Marie DUBOIS, Marguerite DUBOIS, Marie DUCHARME, Catherine DUCHESNE, Bathe DUMONT, Bathe DUMONT, Julienne DUMORTIER, Madeleine DUMOUSTIERS, Madelein DUMOUSTIERS, Antoinett DUPRE, Françoise DUPUY, Catherine DURAND, Catherine DURAND, Elisabeth DURAND, Francoise DURAND, Suzanne DUROSAIRE, Esperance DUSSON, Marguerite DUTAULT, Madeleine DUVAL, Françoise DUVAL, Madeleine DUVAL, Marguerite DUVAL, Michelle E ELOY, Antoinette ENCLEIN, Francoise ENFRE, Françoise F FANNEXE, Marie-Anne FAUCON, Marie FAUCONNIER. Jeanne FAURE, Louise FAUVAULT, Jeanne FAYE, Marie FAYET, Anne FERET, Catherine FERRON, Marguerite FIART, Marguerite FIEVRE, Catherine FIRMAN, Mane-Anne FLAMAND, Nicole FLECHET, Anne FLEURE, Marie-Anne FLEUREAU, Marie FONTAINE, Marguerite FOSSE, Jeanne FOUBERT, Anne FOUCAULT, Jeanne FOUCAULT, Elisabeth FOUCQUES, Marie FOURNIER, Catherine FOURNIER, Jeanne FOVEAU, Jeanne FOY, Marguerite FRESSEL, Isabel FROST, Louise G GAILLARD/GAILLART, Marguerite GALLAIS/GALLET, Anne GALLIEN, Thérêse GAMBlER, Marguerite GARCOTTINEIGARGOTIN,Louise GASTEAU/GATEAU, Catherine GAUTHIER, Marie GAUTIER, Jeanne GENAY/GENEST, Leonarde GENTREAU, Anne GEOFFROY, Anne GEOGROY, Marthe GEREMIE, Françoise GICHELIN, Catherine GILLES, Jeanne GIRARD, Marguerite GIRARD, Marie GIRARD/GIRAUF, Anne GOARD, Mathurine GOBERT, Madeleine GODEBY, Anne GODEQUIN, Jeanne GODILLON, Elisabeth GOISET, Anne GOMOND, Madeleine GOSSARD, Noelle GRANDIN, Marie GRANDJEAN, Mrienne GRANDJON, Madeleine GRANGER, Catherine GRATON, Mathurine GRAVOIS, Marie GRESLEAU, Marie GRIAUX~ Jeanne GRIMBAUT, Anne GROISAT, Jeanne GROSLOT, Madeleine GROSSEJAMBE, Françoise GRUAU, Jeanne GRUSSEAU, Marie GIJEDON, Anne-Marie GUENVILLE, Jeanne GUERARD, Catherine GUERIN, Madeleine GUERIN, Marie-Bonne GUICHONNE, Jeanne GUILLAUDEAU, Madeleine GUILLAUME, Anne GUILLAUME, Marie GU!LLEBOEUF, Madeleine GUILLIN, Francoise GUIOT, Catherine GUISCHELIN, Catherine GUYARD, Catherine GUYET, Marie H HACHE, Françoise HALLAY, Marie HALLIER, Perette HANNETON, Madeleine HARDY, Jeanne HARlOT, Marie HAVARD, Anne HEBERT, Françoise HEBERT, Madeleine HEBERT, Charlotte HEDOUIN, Marguerite HELOY, Marguerite HERMEL, Françoise HERON, Jacqueline HERRUBEL/HEREBERT, Francoise HEVAIN, Marguerite HIARDIN, Marie HOBBE, Françoise HOUSSAN/HOUSSEAU,Marguerite HUBERT, Efisabeth HUBERT, Françoise HUBERT, Marie HUBINET, Louise HUCHE, Françoise HUE, Marie HUMELOT, Catherine HUOT, Marie HUTRE, Perinne HYARDIN, Marguerite I ISAMBERT, Catherine ITASSE, Marguerite J JALLAIS, Marie JAQUIERE, Louise JASSEL1N, Marguerite JAUDON, Marie JAUFFROY, Anne JAVELOT, Anne JINTEREAU, Anne JOLI VET, Charlotte JOLY, Charlotte JOSSARD, Elisabeth JOUAN, Jeanne JOUANNE, Angelique JOURDAIN, Marguerite JUIN, Jeanne JULIEN, Anne L L’ADMIRAUT, Marguerite L’ANFILLE, Marie L’ARCHEVEQUE, Françoise LEBASTILLE, Renée LABBE, Anne LABBE, Jacqueline LABBE, Jeanne LACROIX, Suzanne LAFAYE, Marie LAFLEUR, Jacobine LAFONTAINE, Marie-Anne LAGOU, Anne LAIRDAIN, Anne LAISNE, Catherine LAISNE, Genevieve LAISNE, Marie LALORE, Catherine LAMAIN, Marguerite LAMARQUE/LAMARRE,Anne LAMBERT, Jeanne LAMISE, Claude LAMOUREAIJN, Etoinette LAMY, Marie LANDRY, Louise LANDRY, Olive LANGE, Françoise LANGLAIS/LANGLIER,Marie LANGLOIS, Jacqueline LANGLOIS, Marie LANGUILLE, Elisabeth LAPLACE, Marguerite LARCHER, Madeleine LARUE, Charlotte LASNON, Marie LATIERE, Françoise LATOUCHE, Marguerite LATOUR, Jeanne LAURENT, Catherine LAURIOT, Marie-Perette LAUVERGNAT, Jacqueline LAVERDURE, Marguerite LAWLOT, Catherine LE MER, Anne LEBARON, Barbe LEBER, Anne LEBERCIER, Louise LEBLED, Elisabeth LEBON/DE CHAMPFLEURY, Marie LEBRUN, Marie LECHEVALIER, Jeanne LECLERC, Anne LECLERC, Claire LECLERC, Denise LECLERC, Françoise LECLERC, CIeneviève LECLERC, Marguerite LECOINTE/LECOMTE, Jeanne LECOMPTE, Marie LECOMTE, Marguerite LECOMTE, Suzanne LECONTE, Marie LECOQ, Jeanne LECOUTRE, Louise LECOTURIER, Isabelle LEDOUX, Jacquette LEDUC, Jeanne LEFEBVRE, Antoinette LEFEBVRE, Barbe LEFEBVRE, Elisabeth LEFEBVRE, Marie LEFEBVRE, Marguerite LEFR.ANçOIS, Françoise LEGENDRE, Jeanne LEGRAND, Antoinette LEGRAND, Nicole LEGUAY, Madeleine LELONG, Marie LELOUP, Catherine LELOUTRE, Louise LEMAIRE, Marie LEMAISTRE, Gabrielle LEMAITRE, Ann LEMARCHANT, Elisabeth LEMASSON, Anne LEMERLE, Marguerite LEMESLE, Catherine LEMOYNE, Marie LENOIR, Antoinette LEONARD, Jeanne LEONARD, Marie LEPAGE, Constance LEPAGE, Mane-Rogêre LEPER, Anne LEPINE, Andrée LEPINE, Marie LEPREUVIER, Marguerite LEPREVOST, Marie LEQUINT, Isabelle LEROUX, Catherine LEROUX, Marie LEROY, Anne LEROY, Catherine LEROY, Isabelle LEROY, Jeanne LEROY, Marguerite LEROY, Marie LEROY, Marie-Anne LESAINT, Marie LESEIGNEUR, Marie LESPERANCE, Marie LETELLIER, Jeanne LETRU, Suzanne LEVAIGNEUR, Marguerite LEVASSEUR, Jeanne LEVAULT, Marie LEVIEUX, Claire LEVIGNEUX, Marguerite LIMOGES, Marie LINIERE, Marie LOISEAU, Anne LOISEAU, Françoise LOPPE, Isabelle LORE, Etienette LORTEAUX, Marie LORYOT, Perette LOUVET, Marguerite LOY, Marguerite LUCO, Catherine M MABILLE, Anne MAGDELAJN, Jeanne MAGNAN, Anne MAGNE, Marie MAJOR, Marie MALO, Marie MANCHON, Marie MANIE, Marie MANSION, Jeanne MAQUIN, Anne MARCHAND, Catherine MARCHAND, Elisabeth MARCHESSEAU, Marie MARECHAL, Madeleine MARIE, Denise MARIE, Jeanne MARISSAR, Madeleine MARSIAL, Madeleine MARTiN, Isabelle MARTIN, Marie MARTIN, Reyne MARTIN, Anne-Françoise MASSERON/MASSON, Marie MASSON, Anne MAUREAU, Marguerite MAURICE, Charlotte MAUVOISIN, Françoise MAZOUE, Marie MENACIER, Louise MENARD, Barbe MERCIER, Marie MERLIN, Agathe MERY, Anne MESNE, Marie MESURE, Marie METRU, Marie-Anne MEUNIER, Antoinette MEUNIER, Marie MICHAULT, Marie MICHEL, Anne MICHEL, Jacquette MICHEL, Marie MICHELLE/MICHELOTE Françoise MIGNOLET, Gilette MIGNOT, Catherine MILLOT, Françoise MOISAN, Françoise MOITIE, Catherine MOITIE, Marguerite MOITIE, Marie MONMENIER, Marie MONTARCHY, Marguent MOREAU, Marguerite MORIN, Charlotte MORIN, Marie MORINEAU, Jeanne MOUILLARD, Eleonore MOUTARCHY, Marguerit MULOIS, Marie N NAVARRE, Marguerite NAVORON, Marie NIEL, Madeleine NOEL, Françoise NORMAND, Catherine NORMAND, Marguerite 0 OINVILLE, Michelle OLIVIER, Agnes OLIVIER, Jeanne OLIVIER, Madeleine OUACHE, Madeleine OVARDE, Marguerite P PALIN/PAHIN, Claude PAPIN, Madeleine PAREMENT, Perette PARENTEAU, Marie PARIS, Françoise PASQUE/PASQUIER. Marguerite PASQUTER, Marie PAUL, Catherine PAULINIER, Thérèse PAULO, Catherine PAVIOT, Marie PAYEN, Maithe PECHINA, Marie PEDENELLE, Françoise PELLETIER, Anne PELLETIER, Marie PELOIS, Marguerite PEQUET, Charlotte PERODEAU, Marie PERROT, Anne PESCHER, Marie PETIT, Louise PETIT, Marie PETIT, Rose PHANSEQUE, Marie-Anne PHILIPPEAU, Nicole PHILIPPE, Anne PHILIPPE, Madeleine PIETOU, Françoise PILLE, Françoise PILLIAR, Catherine PILOIS, Françoise PLANCHET/PLANTEAU, Isabelle PLEMAREST, Genevieve PLOIGNET, Marguerite PLOUART, Madeleine POINTEL, Marthe POIRE, Marie POISSON, Catherine POITEVIN, Catherine POITREAU/POITRON, Anne PORTAS, Angeique POTTIER, Marie POUILLOT, Marie POUSSIN, Marie-Anne PRAT, Claude PREVOST, Marie PREVOST, Elisabeth PREVOST, Marguerite PRUNIER, Marie Q QUELUE, Jeanne QUENNEVILLE, Jeanne QUENTIN, Jeanne QUEQUEJEU, Marie QUIREMOND, Noëlle QUITEL, Marthe R RABADY, Anne RABLEAU, Florimonde RACLOT, Francoise RACLOT, Marie RACLOT, Madeleine RAGAU, Marthe RAISIN, Marguerite RAMBEAU, Jeanne RAUDY, Marthe RAVEAU, Barbe REGNAULT, Marie RELOT, Catherine REMONDIER, Andrée REMY, Marie RENARD, Jeanne RENAUD, Marie RENAULT, Anne RENAULT, Marguerite RENAUT, Elisabeth RENOUARD, Mane RENTIER, Madeleine REPOCHE, Jeanne REPOCHE, Marie RICHARD, Françoise RICHARD, Anne-Françoise RICHER, Georgette RICHER, Marguerite RIGAU, Jeanne RIGAULT, Genevieve RIOULT, Madeleine RIVET, Anne RIVET, Catherine RIVIERE, Anne RIVIERE, Marie RIVIERE, Renée ROBIN, Louise ROBINEAU, Marguerite ROBINEAU, Marie ROBLIN, Marie ROQUE, Marie ROSSIGNOL, Jeanne ROTTEAU, Bathe ROUSSEAU, Henriette ROUSSEAU, Suzanne ROUSSEL, Charlotte ROUSSEL, Marguerite ROUSSELIN, Anne-Suzanne ROUSSELOT, Marguerite ROUFY, Madeleine ROUX, Aiinée ROY, Elisabeth ROY, Mane ROVER, Nicole S SAGEOT, Genevieve SALE, Elisabeth SALLE, Marie SAMSON, Marguerite SAULNIER, Nicole SAUVENIER, Jeanne SAVARRE, Gillette SAVONET, Jeanne SEDILOT, Jeanne SEGUILLET, Michelle SEIGNEUR, Anne SELLE, Madeleine SELLE, Marie SELLERIN, Marie SENECHAL, Catherine SENECHAL, Louise SERBIGNAN, Jeanne SICARD, Jeanne SONNOIS, Thérèse SOULARD, Nicole SURET, Catherine T TALBOT, Anne TARGER, Mane TAUREY, Martine TAVANELLE, Jeanne TAVERNIER, Anne TENARD, Marguerite TESSIER, Marguerite TESSIER., Genevieve TESSON, Marguerite TESTU, Madeleine THIBIERGE, Madeleine THIREMENT, Anne THOMAS, Anne TIBAUT, Anne TIERCE, Françoise TISSERAN, Madeleine TOPSAN, Catherine TOUCHET, Françoise TOUSSAINT, Jeanne TOUZE, Jeanne TROCHET, Françoise TURBAL, Ursule U UBER, Elisabeth V VAILLANT, Marguerite VAILLANT, Perette VALADE, Marie VALET/VALLEE, Cecile VALET, Louise VALLEE, Madeleine VALLEE, Perette VANNEY, Anne VARA, Marie VARENNE, Madeleine VARIN, Catherine VARIN, Marie VASSAL, Françoise VAUCHER, Louise VAUQUET, Marie VERGER, Marie VERRIER, Catherine VIART, Marguerite VIEILLOT, Catherine VIEL, Theme VIEVILLE, Anne VIGNIER, Marie VILLIAN, Jeanne VITARD, Louise VITRY, Marguerite VIVIEN, Marie-Rose VIVIER, Marie-Xainte VODIER, Mane VUIDEAU, Anne Y YERDIN, Marguerite Z ZACHEE, Françoise BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. BEAUDOIN, Marie-Louise. Les premiers et les fillles du roi a Ville-Marie. Montréal: Soeurs de la Congregation de Notre-Dame (1971). 2. CARELESS, James M. S. Canada -A Story of Challenge. Toronto: Macmillan of Canada (1958) 3. COSTAIN, Thomas B. The White and the Gold: The French Regime in Canada. Garden City, NY: Doubleday(1954) 4. DOUVILLE, Raymond & CASANOVA, Jacques. Daily Life in Early Canada. New York: Macmillan (1967). 5. DUMAS, Silvio. Les filles du roi en Nouvelle-France. Québec: Société Historique de Québec, Pub. #24 (1972). 6. ECCLES, W. J. The Canadian Frontier, 1534-1760. Holt, Rinehart and Winston (1969). 7. LANCTOT, Gustave. Filles de Joie ou Filles du Roi. Montréal: Chanticler (1952). 8. MONTIZAMBERT, Edward Louis.Canada in the Seventeenth Century. Montréal: George E. Desbarats & Co.(1883). 9.REISINGER, Joy & COURTEAU, Elmer. The Kings Daughters. Dexter, Ml: Thomson-Shore, Inc. (1988).

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