Thus,
and later
In the case of the sons of Essolf, for most of their lives, they
were called son of Essolf, but towards the end of the 12th
century, topographic names began to be used, and they went
through a transitional period where they were, for example Jordan son of Essolf de Thornhill.
The next generation, in the late-12th / early-13th century, dropped
the son of and their topographic name became fixed
See
Surnames
It was introduced in 1918.
Officers and next-of-kin could apply for posthumous award.
See
1914 Star and
Pip, Squeak & Wilfred
A campaign medal awarded to those who served with the British Forces
between 5th August 1914 and 23rd November 1914 in World War I.
See
1914-15 Star,
Pip, Squeak & Wilfred and
Victory Medal
See
Assize of abatement and
Hamsoken
See
Familiar Names
The felon had to swear an oath to the local Coroner:
The port – typically Dover – and route were prescribed by the Coroner.
During the journey to the port, the abjuror wore a simple white
garment, and carried a small wooden cross which he made for himself.
If he strayed from the prescribed route, he would be
and could be summarily executed.
A large number of abjurors disappeared en route and became outlaws.
If he did return to England without the permission of the sovereign,
he could be outlawed and executed by the law, or excommunicated by
the Church.
See
A brand
See
Vagrants
The batteries were collected or taken away each week and recharged.
See
Alklum Storage Batteries Limited and
Doric Accumulators
Edward I standardised the acre to 4840 square yards
= 4047 square metres = 0·405 hectare.
Rural areas might have a local standard size for an acre, often
larger than the national standard.
It has been suggested that in Domesday Book, the acre is a unit of
taxation, and is larger in poorer districts.
In mediæval times, the name was used to denote a selion,
or simply a piece of arable land without any indication of size.
It is often abbreviated to a in old documents.
The acre is still valid as a unit for trade in the UK, following
legislation of 1994/5 which replaced some imperial units by metric
units
See
Arpent,
Customary acre,
Day's work and
Oxgang
An Act of 1768 included provision of better paving, cleansing and
lighting the streets.
See
Water supply
The list of those who were ejected included
Robert Armitage,
William Ashley,
Eli Bentley,
Mr Bevel,
Rev James Bowker,
Richard Coore,
Nicholas Cudworth,
Rev Joseph Dawson,
Christopher Etherington,
Joshua Ferrett,
Mr Fisden,
Nathaniel Heywood,
Rev Oliver Heywood,
Edward Hill,
Rev Josiah Holdsworth,
John Kaye,
Roger Kenion,
Gamaliel Marsden,
Jeremiah Marsden,
Josiah Marsden,
Samuel Marsden,
John Peebles,
John Robinson,
Henry Root,
Timothy Root,
Rev Jonathan Schofield,
Rev Samuel John Stancliffe,
Robert Town,
Rev Robert Towne and
Rev Joshua Whitton
See
Five Mile Act
See
Day hole pit
The Adult School Movement was established around 1800 by
Quakers, Methodists, and others.
This initially provided non-denominational Bible classes.
In 1816, Thomas Pole, a Quaker, produced a report on Adult
Education.
See
Friends Adult School, Halifax
See
Advowson
In mediæval times, the advowson was frequently given to
a monastery or a nunnery, which then took the
rôle of rector and was empowered to appoint
a vicar to serve the parish
After the victory, the Earl of Newcastle laid siege to Bradford.
After the battle, many Parliamentarians went to Lancashire, some
later joining the garrison at Heptonstall.
See
Ewood Hall, Mytholmroyd,
Captain John Hodgson and
Joshua Stansfeld
Some of
the names are shown in the Foldout
On the 1841 census, it was usual to round down the age of adults to
the nearest 5 years.
This was not always applied: some ages may be exact, others may be
rounded down to the nearest 10 years
The table depicts the ancestry of one individual by generation in
text format, rather than as a chart.
The table may include
and so on
See
J. S. Morton & Sons Limited,
Ramsden Wood Reservoir and
Miss Lister's Mine, Shibden
Some local examples of aisled houses and aisled barns
can be found at
Aisled Houses in the Halifax Area,
Bankhouse, Salterhebble,
Benns, Warley,
Broadbottom Old Hall, Mytholmroyd,
Cinder Hill, Coley,
Clay House: Gabled Barn,
Dam Head, Shibden,
Deerstones Farm, Sowerby,
Fold Farm, Illingworth,
Fur Street, Northowram,
Gold Street, Boothtown,
Great Stubb Barn,
Greenwood Lee, Heptonstall,
Hagstocks, Shibden Valley,
Haigh's Farm, Sowerby,
Hartley Royd Farm, Warley,
High Bentley Hall, Shelf,
The Hollins, Warley,
Longley Farm, Norland,
Low Moor House, Soyland,
Lower Bentley Royd, Sowerby,
Lower Field Bottom Farm, Shelf,
Mare Hill, Warley,
Middle Longfield House, Todmorden,
Old Lindley, Stainland,
Prior's Mead, Priestley Green,
Raw End Farm, Luddendenfoot,
Scout Hall Farm, Shibden,
Shibden Barn,
Shibden Hall, Halifax,
Sladden Street, Boothtown,
Smith House, Lightcliffe,
Steps Barn, Sowerby Bridge,
Town House, Norland,
Upper Bentley Royd, Sowerby,
Walt Royd Farm, Wheatley,
West End& Barn#44; Hipperholme and
White Hall, Ovenden
The name is derived from oak and royd, and means
an oak clearing
A member of the local town or borough council elected by his fellow
Councillors, or anyone co-opted to a county or borough council.
There may be several Aldermen, each representing a different ward.
Aldermen are next in rank to the Mayor.
The title was discontinued after 1974.
Like beer, it was widely drunk by people of all ages and was safer
than the water.
It also provided many of the vitamins and carbohydrates in the
diet – see Temperance.
Domestically, ale was usually made in small batches by the women of
the household.
The term – such as Church ale, medale and Whitsun ale – referred to a festival – often charitable – at which ale was
drunk to raise money for the parish church and other causes.
See
Church Ale,
Half & half,
Helpales,
Purl and
Whitsun Ale
Compare this with vinegar – ale made from wine.
This meaning is unlikely to be involved in names such as Alegar Well
See
Assize of Ale and
Beerhouse
The second surname was often the name of a locality, and was used
to distinguish one of several John Smiths.
It was not a sinister concept and did not necessarily imply deceit on
the part of John Smith.
If John married, his wife might be called Mary Smith alias
Greenwood.
The word might also be written:
The Latin terms vulgo [commonly] and vulgo vocatus
[commonly called] are also encountered
The mediæval usage referred to an area of enclosed land.
In modern usage, allotments are typically rented to individuals and
used for growing fruit and vegetables.
The local council – or private organisation – offers an area of land
which is divided into individual allotments.
During the Dig for Victory campaign of World War II, the number of
allotments in Britain increased from 300,000 in 1939 to 600,000.
There are still a great many today.
See
Freehold Land Society,
Gallipole Allotment, Barkisland,
Haley Hill & New Town Allotment Gardeners' Society,
Pellon Allotments Association,
Skircoat Green Allotments, Halifax and
Waterloo Allotments, Brighouse
The word is also used to mean a good or charitable deed
True alpaca is expensive so it is often combined with – or imitated
by – other fibres.
It is also imitated in wool, wool and alpaca, mohair, or cotton and a
cotton warp and alpaca filling.
Sir Titus Salt pioneered a method of processing the wool.
Several local firms have processed and manufactured goods made from
the wool of the alpaca, including
S. Bottomley & Brothers,
William Edleston Limited,
John Foster & Son Limited and
Benjamin Outram.
See
Damask,
Lustre Fabric and
Woolsorter's disease
Records for Akroyd's mill show that they produced the fabric
in 1836
The fundamental purpose of a church is to house and protect
the altar.
In the 11th century, Lanfranc, Archbishop of Canterbury, said
that altars were to be made of stone.
The five crosses incised into the stone represent the five wounds
of Christ on the cross.
After the Reformation, stone altars were replaced by wooden
communion tables.
The altar may be covered by a cloth: white for important
feasts; violet for fasts; red for martyrs;
and green for other days.
A large church may have several altars.
The high altar is the main altar in the chancel.
Other altars may be located on the sides of the nave or in separate
chapels, and may be dedicated to particular saints
See
Chapels (Nonconformist) and
Roman altar
It may be semi-circular or polygonal.
See Apse
The introduction of the Jacquard loom did away with this manual
process.
The name is derived from the Belgian town of Amiens
See
Fine
They conducted a civil war against the Union made up of all
the free states in the north and some slave states which bordered on
the free states.
Over 600,000 soldiers died in the conflict.
The North blockaded the southern ports, and prevented import of
supplies and war materials to the South.
The blockades also prevented the export of cotton which resulted in
the Cotton famine in Lancashire and Yorkshire.
The misery of the slaves was not the only concern of those involved
in the dispute.
There were other issues such as the threat to jobs if the enslaved
people were to be emancipated, and started looking for work.
See
William A. Asquith,
Alfred Grundy Bintliff,
Thomas H. Bintliff,
George Bottomley,
English Civil War,
General Joseph Brevard Kershaw,
sons of John Menzies,
James Mallalieu Shepherd,
John Shepherd,
Charles Whipp and
Charles Wade Whiteley
See
John Wheeler Collington,
Siege of Gibraltar,
Captain Jeremy Lister and
Yorkshire Association
See
Common ancestor
See
Demesne
I swear on the Holy Book that I will leave the realm of England and
never return without the express permission of my Lord the King or
his heirs.
I will hasten by the direct road to the port allotted to me and not
leave the King's highway under pain of arrest or execution.
I will not stay at one place more than one night and will seek
diligently for a passage across the sea as soon as I arrive, delaying
only one tide if possible.
If I cannot secure such passage, I will walk into the sea up to my
knees every day as a token of my desire to cross.
And if I fail in all this, then peril shall be my lot
treated as the wolf
John Smith alias Greenwood
als
the transfer of the ownership of property rights