See
Vagrant
The birth record usually omits the name of the child's father.
Some illegitimate children had two surnames.
Mothers were often sent to the workhouse to give birth to an
illegitimate child.
The English terms
base-born,
bastard,
byblow,
chanceling,
chance begotten,
imputed,
merrybegot,
misbegotten,
natural child,
nephew,
special bastard,
spurious,
and
supposed
and the Latin terms
filius nullius,
filius populi,
ignotus,
and
spurius
or simply the letter B – were also used to record an
illegitimate child in parish registers.
Between the 16th and 19th century the Overseer of the Poor kept the
parish records of illegitimate births and attempted to issue
bastardy bonds to obtain support from the child's father.
The number of illegitimate births peaked with the increasing
population of the mid-19th century, and there was great social stigma
attached to having a child out of wedlock.
Abortion, murder, and abandonment of such a child were illegal, and
baby farms were set up, as at Sun Longley, Norland.
A woman who has an illegitimate child was known by names such as
Spruce girl.
See
Bastardy bond,
leyerwite and
Town husband
The inch is still valid as a unit for trade in the UK, following
legislation of 1994/5 which replaced some imperial units by metric
units
In 1150, King David I of Scotland defined the inch as the breadth of
a man's thumb at the base of the nail.
This was calculated by taking the average of the measurements of the
thumbs of a small man, a medium man, and a large man.
During the reign of Edward II, the inch was defined as
See
Apprentice
A local branch is recorded at 9 St James's Street, Halifax
when James Horsfall was secretary [1917].
Some people who were involved with the ILP included
See
John Charles Dyson,
Henry John Ellis,
John Harrington,
Joel Holmes,
John Lord,
Robert Johnston Stansfeld and
Thomas Walsh
See
Yorkshire Indigo, Scarlet & Colour Dyers Limited
See
Out-Relief and
Parish relief
See
Right of Gallows,
Gibbet Law and
Utfangthief
See
Child labour,
Longevity,
Halifax Improvements Acts and
William Ranger
In the Tudor period, the names new ague and hot ague were used.
England was badly affected in the period
1557-
1558.
Between January 1918 and December 1920, 500 million people around the
world were infected by an epidemic known as Spanish Flu.
The disease was known as Spanish Flu because it was first
publicised in Spain (which was neutral in World War I), whilst the
warring nations kept quiet, fearing that the outbreak would be bad
for morale.
Many men & women who survived World War I, died in the epidemic.
The deaths of many of the victims were registered as pneumonia.
The list of local victims included:
See
Coaching inn
and the separate Foldout on Pubs and Inns
This process was significant from the late 15th century to the 17th
century.
The word comes from the Norse word intek, and is related to
the Middle English word innam, both with the same meaning.
See
Enclosures and
New Earth Head, Midgley
Each photograph has a unique name in a form such as:
The best that you can do on such systems, is to quote the URL of the
relevant page, or the URL which is displayed when you jump to the
appropriate entry
If you are sending me an email, and you wish to refer to a specific
photograph without any confusion, you can use this Internal
Name.
This will enable me to identify the correct photo – amongst the
11599
which are used on the website – without confusion.
This does not apply to photographs held on other websites – such
as GEOGRAPH or FLICKR – which are reached by links from
the Calderdale Companion
Each record is identified by a unique name, known as the Internal
Reference.
This may be in a form such as:
The best that you can do on such systems, is to quote the URL of the
relevant page, or the URL which is displayed when you jump to the
appropriate entry
If you are sending me an email, and you wish to refer to a specific
person without any confusion, you can use this Internal
Reference.
This will enable me to identify the correct person – amongst the
20,000+ people on the website – without confusion.
It is invaluable with names such as John Crossley, of which
there are currently about 60.
At present, this facility is only available with people, not places
or other entries
See
Internal Names Photographs
A collection of copies and transcripts of baptismal, marriage and
other records produced and maintained by the Latter Day Saints
See
Administrator and
Letter of administration
See
Home Rule Club,
Irish in Calderdale and
United Irish League of Great Britain
Social conditions – such as the Potato Famine
[1845-1852] – resulted in large numbers of Irish immigrants arriving
in England.
Calderdale was no exception, and there were considerable Irish
communities in the district.
On
1st April 1839,
groups of Irish workers were threatened by a mob because they were
working for lower wages.
See
Black Bull, Hebden Bridge,
Cellar Dwelling,
Richard Commons,
Tim Cowbrain,
Fenianism,
Hardcastle Crags Railway,
Irish in Calderdale,
Little Dublin, Stainland,
Lord Nelson, Luddenden,
Solomon Marshall,
County Mayo,
Model Lodging House, Brighouse,
Patrick Morley,
John Mulroy,
Navvy,
Prince Albert, Brighouse,
St Mary's Catholic Church, Gibbet Street,
Shibden Industrial School,
Tanistry,
Wellington, Brighouse and
Zingo Nick, Brighouse
In some places the cage was known as a gibbet.
See
Punishment
In 1274, Richard the Nailer was given permission to mine coal at
Hipperholme for use in forging.
In the 14th century, there were forges at Rastrick, Hipperholme, and
Erringden.
Iron tools – shears, combs – were widely-used in the woollen industry and the cotton industry.
Production was by means of simple bloomery furnaces in which a
stream of air – produced by hand-operated bellows – was blown through
a heated mass of crushed ore and charcoal, and then – after
several hours – the whole was left to cool and broken open to
retrieve the solid lump of iron or bloom.
Discarded bloomery slag has been found on the sites of mediæval
houses at Boothtown and Northowram.
There was iron-working at Walsden.
Great changes were made to the production of iron during the
Industrial Revolution.
See
John Emmett and
Industry
The name came from a nickname given to Cromwell by Prince Rupert.
See
Parliamentarian
See
Failure of issue
three grains of barley, dry and round, placed end to end lengthwise
See
Barleycorn
Ag.Lab
Coal mining
Domestic system
Factory Acts
Iron-working industry
Luddites
Piece
Piece Hall, Halifax
Pollit & Wigzell Limited
Stone quarrying
Woollen industry
The meeting will be held on the 21st inst.
On some Pages, the Name is included in the text.
The Name is displayed when you hover your mouse over each
individual photograph.
AB123.JPG
This facility is not available on touch-screens, such as iPad
or Tablets
The Internal Reference for a person is displayed when
you hover your mouse over the red keyword of that
person's entry.
123
A123
1_123
56_A123
This facility is not available on touch-screens, such as iPad
or Tablets
©
Malcolm Bull 2017 /
[email protected]
Revised 21:15 on 7th December 2017 / b113_i / 48