Family of James + GRAHAM and Magdalene + CARNEGIE

Husband:	James + GRAHAM (1612-1650)
Wife:	Magdalene + CARNEGIE (1610-1657)
Children:	John + GRAHAM (1633-1668)
Marriage	10 Nov 1629	Scotland

Husband: James + GRAHAM

Wife: Magdalene + CARNEGIE

Name:	Magdalene + CARNEGIE
Sex:	Female
Father:	David + CARNEGIE (1575-1658)
Mother:	Margaret + LINDSEY (1575-1614)
Birth	1610	Farnell, Angus, Scotland
Death	5 Oct 1657 (age 46-47)	Kilbirnie, Ayrshire, Scotland

Child 1: John + GRAHAM

Name:	John + GRAHAM
Sex:	Male
Spouse:	Barbara + STEWART (1621- )
Birth	1633	Auchmar, Scotland
Title		Captain
Death	23 Feb 1668 (age 34-35)	Westmoreland, VA, US

Note on Husband: James + GRAHAM

1st Marquess of Montrose and 5th Earl of Montrose.

Born sometime after 22 October 1612 based on Napier's record that on 22 October 1632 Montrose was transacting business as a minor.

James Graham became 5th Earl of Montrose in 1626 when his father died.

He obtained his education from the University of St Andrews, and married Magdalene Carnegie when he was seventeen.

He was a Scottish general. He fought for Charles I in the Civil War but was defeated in 1645. In 1650 he returned from exile on the continent but was captured and brought a prisoner to Edinburgh. On 20 May he was sentenced to death by the parliament. He was hung on the 21st, with Wishart's laudatory biography of him put round his neck. To the last he protested that he was a real Covenanter and a loyal subject.

 

His head was removed and stood on the "prick on the highest stone" of the Old Tolbooth outside St Giles Cathedral from 1650 until the beginning of 1661.[8]

 

Shortly after Montrose's death the Scottish Argyll Government switched sides and became Royalists too.

 

On 7 January 1661 the mangled torso of Montrose was disinterred from the Burgh Muir and placed in a coffin, carried under a velvet canopy to the Tolbooth, where his head was reverently removed from the spike. The procession was accompanied by the nobles and gentry on horseback, with many thousands following on foot; colours were flying, drums beating, trumpets sounding, muskets cracking, and cannon roaring from the castle.[9] His limbs brought from the towns (Glasgow, Perth, Stirling and Aberdeen) to which they had been sent, and the whole placed in a sumptuous coffin, which lay in state in Holyrood Palace. A splendid funeral was held in Saint Giles's church on 11 May 1661.[10][11]

 

Montrose's torso would have been originally given to his friends; he was, however, the subject of an excommunication which was why it was originally buried in unconsecrated ground. In 1650 his niece, Lady Napier, had sent men by night to take away his heart. This relic she placed in a steel case made from his sword and placed the whole in a gold filigree box, which had been presented to her family by a Doge of Venice. The heart in its case were retained by the Napier family for several generations until lost amidst the confusion of the French Revolution.

 

++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

Marquis of Montrose effigy, St. Giles "And upon Monday thereafter, being the xx of May, he was called in before the Estates then sitting in Parliament, where he received the sentence of death; to be hangit the morn thereafter upon the gallows, and thereafter to be taken down and to be headed and quartered; his heid to be hung up upon the Tolbooth of Edinburgh, his two legs and arms to be sent to four several towns, viz., to Glasgow, Stirling, Perth and Aberdeen. This sentence was punctually execute upon him at the mercat cross of Edinburgh on Tuesday thereafter, being the xxi day of May, 1650, and he hangit upon a high gallows, made for the view of the people more than ordinar, with his books and declarations bound on his back. He hang full three hours; thereafter cut doun, falling upon his face, nane to countenance him but the executioner and his men. His heid, twa leggis, and twa arms, taken from his body with an axe, and sent away and affixt at the places foresaids appointed therefor; his body cast into a little short kist, and taken to the Borough-muir of Edinburgh, and buried there among malefactors. -- John Nicoll, A Diary Of Public Transactions And Other Occurrences, chiefly in Scotland, from January, 1650, to June, 1667 "He either fears his fate too much, Or his deserts are small, That dares not put it to the touch, To gain or lose it all." -- lines written by James Graham when earl of Montrose

 

+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

 

James Graham. Marquis of Montrose. James Graham was born in 1612 and spent much of his boyhood at the family home of Old Montrose, on the S.W. side of Montrose Basin. An ardent Presbyterian, James was soon caught up in the religious controversy then raging in Scotland. Scotland’s church was governed by the National Assembly, which had been gaining increasing control over political as well as spiritual affairs. When Charles I tried to curb this, outraged Presbyterians flocked to Greyfriars Churchyard in Edinburgh to sign a national protest or ‘covenant’ in defence of their faith. James Graham was one of the first to sign. Besides being deeply religious, however, James was also a firm supporter of Royalty. When the Covenanters began to claim authority for the church over the crown he found himself in a dilemma. Forced to decide between Covenant and King, he pledged himself to Charles and became leader of the Royalist party in Scotland. When civil war broke out between Charles I and his government, Montrose and his army of Highlanders won a series of brilliant victories. Perhaps his most famous was at Inerlochy where he routed the forces of the Duke of Argyll. But the King’s cause was doomed. Montrose’s army met defeat at Philiphaugh in September, 1645. After a last desperate campaign in the North Montrose fell into the hands of his enemies and was taken prisoner at Ardvreck Castle, by Loch Assynt. The Marquis was brought to Edinburgh and died on the scaffold on 21st May. 1650.

 

++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

 

James Graham, 1st Marquis of Montrose, 1612-1650

 

Scottish general, poet and Royalist hero who won a series of spectacular victories in Scotland against the Covenanters for Charles I, but was finally deserted by Charles II.

 

James Graham inherited the earldom of Montrose from his father in 1626. He was educated at St. Andrews University where he became inspired by classical tales of military glory. In November 1629, he married Magdalene Carnegie, daughter of Lord Carnegie of Kinnaird. After the birth of his first two sons, Montrose went to France and Italy to complete his education, which included a period at the French military academy at Angers. He returned to Scotland in 1637 and became active in the revolt against the imposition of Archbishop Laud's prayer book on the Scottish Kirk, signing the National Covenant in February 1638. In July, Montrose went with covenanting lairds and clergymen to Aberdeen, where he tried unsuccessfully to persuade the "Aberdeen Doctors" of the university to sign the Covenant. In November 1638, he attended the Glasgow Assembly, which defied the King by abolishing episcopacy and establishing Presbyterian church government in Scotland.

 

Montrose gained his first military experience leading Covenanter troops in the First Bishops' War. He drove the Marquis of Huntly out of Aberdeen in March 1639 and campaigned against Huntly's clan the Gordons. In June, Huntly's younger son Viscount Aboyne sailed into Aberdeen harbour in one of the King's warships and occupied the town. Montrose returned with artillery and bombarded the Royalists at Brig of Dee, forcing Aboyne and the Gordons to flee.

 

After the signing of the Pacification of Berwick, Montrose came into conflict with Archibald Campbell, Earl of Argyll, suspecting him of trying to usurp the power of the King in Scotland for his own ends. He also distrusted the Marquis of Hamilton, who appeared to be in league with Argyll. Montrose drew up a secret agreement with like-minded Covenanters known as the Cumbernauld Bond. Adherents undertook to defend the true principles of the Covenant against the machinations of Argyll and his supporters. Some suspected that Montrose had become a Royalist, but he was granted the honour of leading the first regiment of Covenanters across the River Tweed when the Scots invaded England in the Second Bishops' War (August 1640).

 

When the war was over, Montrose's criticisms of Argyll and his intercepted correspondence with King Charles resulted in his arrest on charges of conspiracy against the ruling Committee of Estates. In June 1641, he was imprisoned in Edinburgh Castle. When King Charles visited Scotland to finalise the treaty with England, Montrose demanded an open trial. Anxious to maintain their new alliance, neither the King nor the Estates would agree to this, but Montrose was released on bail in November 1641. He then retired from public life until the outbreak of the English Civil War when he attempted to rally Scottish support for the King. Montrose opposed the Solemn League and Covenant, which secured an alliance between Scotland and the English Parliamentarians, and joined King Charles at Oxford in 1643. His loyalty to the King and the Royalist cause was passionate and unwavering throughout the rest of his career.

 

 

When Lord Leven's Covenanter army invaded England on behalf of Parliament in 1644, the King appointed Montrose his Lieutenant-General in Scotland. Montrose planned to start a war against the Covenanters north of the border that would distract their forces in England, but no significant numbers of Royalist troops could be spared for the venture. In July 1644, a small band of Irish mercenaries landed on the west coast of Scotland. They were led by Alasdair MacColla and sent by the Earl of Antrim, who had promised to supply King Charles with Irish troops for an invasion of Scotland. MacColla's band marched into the Highlands, terrorising the covenanting Campbell clan as they went. Montrose located MacColla at Blair Atholl where he raised his standard as the King's deputy on 28 August 1644. With MacColla's Irishmen and a motley band of clansmen as the nucleus of his army, Montrose began a spectacular campaign against the Covenanters in the Highlands. He defeated Lord Elcho at Tippermuir in September 1644 then captured and sacked Aberdeen. King Charles created him Marquis of Montrose and Earl of Kincardine in November 1644. The Covenanters put a price on his head, dead or alive.

 

Early in 1645, Montrose and MacColla mounted a guerrilla campaign against the Campbells and their chief, the Marquis of Argyll. They struck deep into Campbell territory and inflicted a grievous defeat on the clan at the battle of Inverlochy in February 1645, breaking their power in the western Highlands. According to plan, Covenanter regiments were withdrawn from Lord Leven's army in England and returned to Scotland to counter Montrose. The Covenanter army in England was effectively immobilised and Scottish political credibility in London was undermined. After plundering Dundee in April 1645, Montrose was pursued back into the Highlands by Major-General Baillie. Constantly outwitting the Covenanters, he defeated Colonel Hurry at Auldearn in May 1645 and Baillie at Alford in June. In August 1645, Montrose achieved his greatest victory when he defeated Baillie and the Covenanter Committee of War headed by Argyll at the battle of Kilsyth, which left him for a short time master of Scotland.

 

Montrose's victories in Scotland kept up the morale of the Royalists in England. The King's main strategic objective after the defeat at Naseby was to join forces with him. When Montrose moved into the Lowlands, however, his troops began to desert. He was defeated by superior Covenanter forces under Major-General David Leslie at Philliphaugh in September 1645 and his followers were massacred. Montrose remained in Scotland for another year but he was unable to pose a serious threat to the Covenanters again. In July 1646, King Charles, having surrendered himself to the Covenanters, ordered Montrose to cease hostilities. Montrose sailed into exile on 3 September 1646.

 

 

An account of his victories, written in Latin by George Wishart, made Montrose a hero throughout Europe. He was offered an appointment as lieutenant-general in the French army; the Emperor Ferdinand III awarded him the rank of field marshall, but Montrose remained devoted to the service of King Charles. He swore vengeance after the King's execution in January 1649 and immediately transferred his loyalty to Charles II, who was proclaimed King of Scots in February 1649. Charles appointed Montrose his captain-general in Scotland and authorised him to negotiate for military aid with European powers. Montrose travelled through Germany, Poland and Scandinavia attempting to raise forces for the King.

 

“ He either fears his fate too much, Or his deserts are small,

That puts it not unto the touch To win or lose it all”

 

From Montrose's poem: My Dear and Only Love

 

To Montrose's dismay, Charles also entered into negotiations with the Covenanters. When talks broke down in May 1649, Charles attempted to coerce the Covenanters by ordering Montrose to take control of Scotland by military force. Montrose sent a small force of German and Danish mercenaries as an advance guard to occupy the Orkneys in September 1649 and joined them with reinforcements in March 1650. By the time Montrose landed on the Scottish mainland, Charles had re-opened negotiations with the Covenanters. Charles wrote to Montrose ordering him to disarm, but the orders never reached him. The Covenanters moved swiftly against him and Montrose was defeated at the battle of Carbisdale by Colonel Strachan in April 1650. A few days later, Charles disavowed Montrose under the terms of the Treaty of Breda.

 

Montrose escaped into the mountains after Carbisdale. He fled to Ardvreck Castle on Loch Assynt where he was betrayed to the Covenanters by Neil MacLeod, laird of Assynt. Montrose was taken to Edinburgh and led through the streets in a cart driven by the hangman. Already under sentence of death for his campaign of 1644-5, Montrose was hanged at the Mercat Cross on 21 May 1650, protesting to the last that he was a true Covenanter as well as a loyal subject.

 

Montrose's head was fixed on a spike at the Tolbooth in Edinburgh, his legs and arms were fixed to the gates of Stirling, Glasgow, Perth and Aberdeen. His dismembered body was buried in Edinburgh, but Lady Jean Napier had it secretly disinterred. The heart was removed, embalmed, placed in a casket, and sent to Montrose's exiled son as a symbol of loyalty and martyrdom. After the Restoration, Montrose's embalmed heart and bones were buried at the High Kirk of St Giles in Edinburgh in an elaborate ceremony with fourteen noblemen bearing the coffin (11 May 1661). Montrose's son James was confirmed in the inheritance of the Montrose titles. The marquisate became a dukedom in 1707.

 

Sources: David Stevenson, James Graham , 1st Marquis of Montrose, Oxford DNB, 2004

David Stevenson, The Scottish Revolution 1637-44 (Newton Abbott 1973)

David Stevenson, Revolution & Counter-Revolution in Scotland 1644-51 (Newton Abbott 1977)

C.V. Wedgwood, The King's War (London 1958)

 

Links:

Poetry by Montrose

The Marquis of Montrose Society

Translation of WIshart's memoir of Montrose www.archive.org Images of Montrose's tomb and effigy in St. Giles High Kirk^2,3

Sources

1	"Find a Grave". Inscription: Scatter my ashes - strew them in the air; - Lord! since thou know'st where all these atoms are, I'm hopeful thou'lt recover once my dust, And confident thou'lt raise me with the just. Lines written on the Window of his Jail the Night before his Execution.

2	"http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/2137383".

3	"http://www.british-civil-wars.co.uk/biog/montrose.htm".