|
B |
Haplogroup B is one of the oldest Y-chromosome
lineages in humans. Haplogroup B is found exclusively in Africa. This
lineage was the first to disperse around Africa. There is current
archaeological evidence supporting a major population expansion in Africa
approximately 90-130 thousand years ago. It has been proposed that this
event may have spread Haplogroup B throughout Africa. Haplogroup B appears
at low frequency all around Africa, but is at its highest frequency in Pygmy
populations. |
|
C |
Haplogroup C is found throughout mainland Asia,
the south Pacific, and at low frequency in Native American populations.
Haplogroup C originated in southern Asia and spread in all directions. This
lineage colonized New Guinea, Australia, and north Asia, and currently is
found with its highest diversity in populations of India. |
|
C3 |
The C3 lineage is believed to have originated in
southeast or central Asia. This lineage then spread into northern Asia, and
then into the Americas. |
|
J |
Haplogroup J is found at
highest frequencies in Middle Eastern and north African populations where it
most likely evolved. This marker has been carried by Middle Eastern traders
into Europe, central Asia, India, and Pakistan. |
|
J2 |
This
lineage originated in the northern portion of the Fertile Crescent where it
later spread throughout central Asia, the Mediterranean, and south into
India. As with other populations with Mediterranean ancestry this lineage is
found within Jewish populations. The Cohen modal lineage is found in
Haplogroup J2. |
|
I |
The
I, I1, and I1a lineages are nearly completely restricted to northwestern
Europe. These would most likely have been common within Viking populations.
One lineage of this group extends down into central Europe. |
|
I1b |
This line was derived within Viking / Scandinavian populations in northwest
Europe and has since spread down into southern Europe where it is present at
low frequencies. |
|
R1a |
The
R1a lineage is believed to have originated in the Eurasian Steppes north of
the Black and Caspian Seas. This lineage is believed to have originated in a
population of the Kurgan culture, known for the domestication of the horse
(approximately 3000 B.C.E.). These people were also believed to be the first
speakers of the Indo-European language group. This lineage is currently
found in central and western Asia, India, and in Slavic populations of
Eastern Europe. |
|
R1b |
Haplogroup R1b is the most common haplogroup in European populations. It is
believed to have expanded throughout Europe as humans re-colonized after the
last glacial maximum 10-12 thousand years ago. This lineage is also the
haplogroup containing the Atlantic modal haplotype. |
|
Q3 |
Haplogroup Q3
is the only lineage strictly associated with native American populations.
This haplogroup is defined by the presence of the M3 mutation (also known as
SY103). This mutation occurred on the Q lineage 8-12 thousand years ago as
the migration into the Americas was underway. There is some debate as to on
which side of the Bering Strait this mutation occurred, but it definitely
happened in the ancestors of the Native American peoples. |
