I61540: AETHELRED Earl of MERCIA (ABT 0870

Notes

This gives some insight into the emergence of England from Wessex. The Danes overran most of the English Kingdoms such as Northumbria, Mercia, East Anglia etc. Alfred and his descendents reconquered the lands from the Danes but instead of making this seem a conquest Alfred made Eolderman Aethelred. Earl of Mercia and married him to his daughter, allowing some idea of regained autonomy. When the kingdoms were absorbed they were not absorbed into Wessex or greater Wessex but into England.
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The dominion of Mercia descended to her (Ethelfleda's) daughter and heiress, Elfwina (A.D. 920). This Chroniclers notice the right of Elfwina so precisely, as to leave no doubt concerning her claim; and the fact is of considerable value, in shewing, that, contrary to the practice of other Teutonic nations, the sovereign authority amongst the Anglo-Saxons might descend to a female; or, according to the Anglo-Saxon expression, which the French have adopted, "fall to the spindle side".
In this instance, however, the weaker heir was compelled to yield to a more powerful opponent, and one from whom no enmity could have been feared. Elfwina was was conducted as a captive into Mercia by her uncle Edward, who was engaged in successful warfare against the Danes; and we do not hear anything more concerning her in history.

Ref.History of the Anglo-Saxons by Sir Francis Palgrave (1876) (Paperback edition on Senate)page 164.

External Link http://www.geocities.com/pamela_berkman/alfred.html

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Notes

(i) Ralph Hastings (d 1398)
m1. (c1352) Isabel Sadyington
m2. (c1385) Maud Sutton (possibly dau of Thomas Sutton of Holdeness, Sheriff of Yorkshire)
c)+ other issue (Sir Ralph d 1463, John, Bartholomew, Maud)

Married 1: Isabel SADYNGTON ABT 1352
Married 2: Maud SUTTON ABT 1385
Children:
1. Leonard HASTINGS
2. Richard HASTINGS (Sir Knight)
3. Ralph HASTINGS (Sir Knight) (b. ABT 1385 - d. 1403)
4. John HASTINGS
5. Bartholomew HASTINGS
6. Maud HASTINGS (b. ABT 1398)

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Notes

Only the daughters Dolly and Nancy have been positively identified -- the others are probably their children.

William was a soldier in the continental Line in the revolution for more than 6 years -- captured by the British in 1780, exchanged and continued serving his country. His long military service is extensively documented in the Revolution records of Virginia.

He received hundreds of acres of bounty land -- some in Kentucky. After his marriage to Dolly Sandidge they moved to Elbert Co. GA where they lived 10-15 years. We know he performed marriage ceremonies there and had the respected title of Esq., usually afforded political figures in the country, such as Justice of the Peace.

He returned to Amherst Co. abt 1803 and disposed of personal property left there by his father. A few years later his family moved to Hardin Co. TN, then to Hickman, and later to Perry Co. TN, where he died in the early 1840s.

On 15 Feb 1794 Wm. Higgenbotham and wife Dorothy "Dolly" deeded to Robert Pulliam 200 acres of land for L50, original grant from Gov. Telfair to Wm. Higginbotham 9 Feb 1792. Wit: Jacob Higginbotham. (Elbert Co. GA Deed Book B, Folio 82).

WILLIAM HIGGINBOTHAM
PERRY COUNTY
SERGEANT
2ND REGIMENT
VIRGINIA LINE
$120.00 ANNUAL ALLOWANCE
$1,020.00 AMOUNT RECEIVED
MAY 23, 1829 PENSION STARTED

William Higginbotham served in the Rev War. From Hardin Co., TN he submitted an application for a Pension, dated Jan 31, 1829, to the Pension Bureau in Wash., DC that states he enlisted Amherst Co., VA, Jan. 6, 1777, as Sergt. in Capt. Samuel J. Cabell's Co., 6th Va Regt.; again enlisted Dec 1778, and served to the end of the war in Capt. James Mabon's Co., 2nd Va Regt., Cert. of Capt. James Mabon, May 28, 1783; "Sergeant William Higginbotham enlisted with me for the war in Dec. 1778, in the 2nd Va Continental Regiment." Certificate of Col. Samuel J. Cabell: I do hereby certify that William Higginbotham enlisted in my Company of Riflemen attached to the 6th Va. Regt. in the month of Jan. 1777, for the term of three years after which he re-enlisted for the War and was taken prisoner at Buford's defeat South or North Carolina, in the month of May, 1780, and I do further certify that the sd. William Higginbotham acted as a Sergeant and that during his term of service which generally came under my observation he conducted himself as a good and a brave soldier. Given under my hand this 25th day of Feb'y, 1810. Sam. J. Cabell, late Lt. Col. Virga. Line on Contl. Establishment, Elbert Co., GA., testified" "we knew William Higginbotham as a soldier and Lieutenant in the late Revolutionary War with Great Britain; he entered service 1776, and served until the end of the war in the Va. Contl. Line." His Claim was allowed. In 1782, Wm. Higginbotham entered a claim to the court of Amherst Co., VA for public service rendered during the Rev. War. Wm. Higginbotham was allowed land as a sergeant for a service of six years and ten months, 455 acres, the warrant for which was issued March 9, 1793, and Feb. 28, 1810. He was also allowed bounty land as a Lieutenent on Nov. 7, 1811, when a warrant was issued for 2,666 2/3 acres. (H.D. 1835-36, Doc. 6, 89. VA State Lib., Richmond, VA. In the Year Book of the SAR of KY for 1913, is a list of "Virginia Military Land Grants for Rev. Serv." These grants were located in KY. On Page 228, of the above book there appears the following: 4,606. William Higginbotham, 400 acres Sergt. Cont. Line, Term of Service War March 9, 1793.
REF: (Ibid), p.411: William Higginbotham is also listed on a "Pay Roll of Capt. Samuel Jordan's Company of the Rifle Detachment Commanded by Col. Daniel Morgan for Three Months from the 1st of August to the 1st of November 1777." As a Private his total pay was $20. at a rate of $6 2/3 per month. His total pay in Virginia Currency was L20.6s. William Higginbotham was also listed as a Private at the same above month on a "Payroll of Capt. Benjamin Taliferros Compy of detached Riflemen Commanded by Col. Daniel Morgan for the month of December 1777." REF: "The Higginbotham Family", by Wm. Montgomery Sweeney, 1971, William, son of Benj., p. 28,140,141,142,279.

Bedford Co., TN. Deeds (1809-1811), P. 275 - dated 13 Dec 1809: John Boyd of Davidson Co. to William HICKINGBOTTOM, 300 a in R4, S4 on west waters of Big Flat Creek...mentions land of Robert McCarey. Wits: Mal'm (Malcolm) Gilchrist, William HICKBOTTOM, Many//Mary Burcell (?), Moses Garrett. Pro by Gilchrist and Garrett in Court Mar 1810. Note: This shows him in Tennessee by 1809...I believe that the Gilchrist were related as they were in Hardin & Decatur Cos., TN., and when my ancestor Kinchen Kelley, who md Dolly, the d/o of William Higginbotham, went to Grayson Co., TX in 1859 bef the Civil War, he took with him a 17 yr old male _______ Gilchrist, the Garrett's may have been related also as the name was used as a first name in the Kelley family, they were several Garrett Kelley's in Decatur Co., TN in later census years.

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Notes

CONFLICT in parents: Father: Everard MEADE; Mother: Mary THORNTON.
David Meade II of Chaumiere.

David Meade, inherited an estate in Nansemond County.

Children:
2 John E. Meade d: 1854 + Rebecca Beverley
2 Charlotte Meade + J. Y. Stockdell
2 Rebecca Meade + James Lea

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Notes

--Sources
Birth: John Wallace diskette.

Notes

Spouse Unknown

Notes

"Richard I Coeur De Lion, King Of England-Led Crusade; Richard a leader of the Third Crusade. Richard became King in 1189 as 4th son of HENRY II. John became King after his brother Richard the Lion Hearted died in 1199. Married in CYPRUS to the beautiful BERENGARIA OF NAVARRE but died childless. p. 17 d.s.p."

"Richard the Lionheart succeeded his father, Henry II, after winning a war against his father and forcing the dying man to surrender the throne to him at his death. After he was crowned in 1189, Richard joined the Third Crusade with his friend Philip II of France. Richard was betrothed to Alice, the daughter of Philip II, but was unhappy with this match and married Berengaria of Navarre.

His exploits on the crusade included conquering Cyprus en route, capturing Acre, nearly capturing Jerusalem, and negotiating a three-year peace with Saladin, leader of the Muslim forces. Philip II had returned to France early and joined Richard's brother, John, in rebelling against the English king. Hearing word of the treacheries of his brother, Richard made plans to return to England, but he was captured by Leopold V of Austria and held for ransom. He was held for over a year before returning to England. Richard returned in 1194, crushed his brother's rebellion, and regained lands that Philip had conquered. He had accomplished this, but was mortally wounded in a skirmish in Limousin. He died in 1199 with no legitimate heirs. Richard spent only six months of his ten-year reign actually on the island of England. The government of England was conducted by the justiciar, Hubert Walter."

Richard The Lionheart Massacres The Saracens, 1191

In the year 1187, the Muslim leader Saladin re-conquered the city of Jerusalem [see "The Crusaders Capture Jerusalem"] as well as most of the Crusader strongholds throughout the Holy Land. In response, the kings of Europe including Frederick Babarossa of Germany (who died on route), Phillip of France and Richard I of England (the Lionheart) mounted a campaign to rescue the city. The Third Crusade was underway.

Key to the campaign's success was the capture of the port city of Acre. King Richard arrived on the scene in June 1191 to find the city under siege by a Christian army. In the distance, Saladin threatened - his army too weak to overwhelm the besiegers, but too strong to be dislodged. Intensifying the bombardment of the city, Richard and the French King, Phillip, slowly broke the city's walls, weakening its defenses while simultaneously starving the occupiers into submission. Finally, on July 12, the Muslim defenders and Crusaders agreed to surrender terms. In exchange for sparing the lives of the defenders, Saladin would pay a ransom of 200,000 gold pieces, release some 1500 Christian prisoners and return the Holy Cross. These actions were to be accomplished within one month after the fall of the city. Richard would hold 2,700 Muslim prisoners as hostage until the terms were met.

Saladin immediately ran into problems meeting his part of the bargain and the deadline came without payment of the terms. As a compromise, Saladin proposed that Richard release his prisoners in return for part of the ransom with the remainder to be paid at a later date. Saladin would provide hostages to Richard to assure payment. Alternatively, he proposed to give Richard what money he had and allow Richard to keep the prisoners in return for Christian hostages to be held until the remainder of the money was raised and the Muslim prisoners released. Richard countered that he would accept the partial payment but Saladin must accept his royal promise to release his prisoners when he received the remainder of the ransom. Neither ruler would accept his opponent's terms. Richard declared the lives of the Muslim defenders of Acre forfeit and set August 20 as the date for their execution.

Slaughter In The Desert

Beha-ed-Din was a member of Saladin's court and (along with much of the Saracen army who watched from a distance) witnessed the massacre of 2,700 of his comrades:

"Then the king of England, seeing all the delays interposed by the Sultan to the execution of the treaty, acted perfidiously as regards his Musulinan prisoners. On their yielding the town he had engaged to grant their life, adding that if the Sultan carried out the bargain he would give them freedom and suffer them to carry off their children and wives; if the Sultan did not fulfill his engagements they were to be made slaves. Now the king broke his promises to them and made open display of what he had till now kept hidden in his heart, by carrying out what he had intended to do after he had received the money and the Frank prisoners. It is thus that people of his nation ultimately admitted.

In the afternoon of Tuesday, 27 Rajab, [August 20] about four o'clock, he came out on horseback with all the Frankish army, knights, footmen, Turcoples, and advanced to the pits at the foot of the hill of Al 'Ayadiyeh, to which place be had already sent on his tents. The Franks, on reaching the middle of the plain that stretches between this hill and that of Keisan, close to which place the sultan's advanced guard had drawn back, ordered all the Musulman prisoners, whose martyrdom God had decreed for this day, to be brought before him. They numbered more than three thousand and were all bound with ropes. The Franks then flung themselves upon them all at once and massacred them with sword and lance in cold blood. Our advanced guard had already told the Sultan of the enemy's movements and he sent it some reinforcements, but only after the massacre. The Musulmans, seeing what was being done to the prisoners, rushed against the Franks and in the combat, which lasted till nightfall, several were slain and wounded on either side. On the morrow morning our people gathered at the spot and found the Musulmans stretched out upon the ground as martyrs for the faith. They even recognised some of the dead, and the sight was a great affliction to them. The enemy had only spared the prisoners of note and such as were strong enough to work.

The motives of this massacre are differently told; according to some, the captives were slain by way of reprisal for the death of those Christians whom the Musulmans had slain. Others again say that the king of England, on deciding to attempt the conquest of Ascalon, thought it unwise to leave so many prisoners in the town after his departure. God alone knows what the real reason was. "

References:
Beha-ed-Din, his account appears in Archer, T.A., The Crusade of Richard I (1889); Gillingham, John, The Life and Times of Richard I (1973).

How To Cite This Article:
"Richard The Lionheart Massacres The Saracens, 1191," EyeWitness to History, www.eyewitnesstohistory.com (2001).

Acre or Akko, is one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world. Founded around 1500 BC, it served as a major port in the Ancient World rivaling Alexandria and Constantinople. Its strategic location and natural harbor have made it a battleground throughout history. It was incorporated into the empire of Alexander the Great and subsequently conquered by the Egyptians in the second century BC. The Muslims invaded in the 7th century and the Crusaders first conquered the city in 1104. In 1291 the Mamluks destroyed the city, killing the remaining Crusaders. The city was rebuilt as a fortress in the 18th century. After World War I, the British acquired the city, turning its fortress into a prison.

After consolidating his victory at Acre, Richard led his army south along the coast. Shadowing him on a parallel course, Saladin and his army carried on a running battle. At Arsuf the Crusaders made a stand winning an inconclusive victory over the Saracens. Richard and his army then continued their march to Jaffa, which they reached on September 10, 1191.

The Crusader's goal was the capture of the Holy City of Jerusalem. They were unsuccessful. Richard spent the months between September and December refortifying the coastal cities and slowly moving towards Jerusalem. By the end of the year, the army had reached a point 12 miles outside the Holy City. Richard realized, however, that his forces were too small to either storm Jerusalem or to hold it if it fell within his grasp. He returned to the fortress at Ascalon beginning a series of negotiations with Saladin. Finally, the two leaders reached an agreement in the fall of 1192 allowing the Crusaders to keep a string of cities along the coast and Saladin to remain in Jerusalem. Richard left the Holy Land in October 1192 - the Third Crusade was over.

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My Southern Family

AETHELRED Earl of MERCIA

ABT 0870 - 0910

ID Number: I61540

Notes

Sources

Katherine

ABT 1610 - ____

ID Number: I51369

Sources

Erica Lee COLSON

RALPH HASTINGS Knt.

ABT 1346 - 1398

ID Number: I74144

Notes

Sources

Lt. William H. HIGGINBOTHAM

1761 - ABT 1843

ID Number: I5379

Notes

Sources

Col. David MEADE II

7 Jul 1743 - 1830

ID Number: I59994

Notes

Sources

Hattie MEADE

ABT 1901 - ____

ID Number: I13561

Notes

Sources

Jemima OLDHAM

14 Nov 1739 - AFT 1805

ID Number: I26165

Sources

HENRY OWEN of Bowdowen

____ - ____

ID Number: I66907

Notes

Sources

King RICHARD I "The Lion Hearted" PLANTAGENET of England

8 Sep 1157 - 6 Apr 1199

ID Number: I3009

Notes

Sources

Jordan RAMIREZ

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