One of the different forms of a gene of DNA sequence that can exist at a single locus. Alternatively, one of several alternate forms of a gene occupying a particular location on a chromosome.
Atlantic Modal Haplogroup (AMH)
The haplotype with the highest frequency within hg1, i.e. the mode.
Is composed of DNA, which itself is composed of four (4) nucleotides: A (adenine); T (thymine); C (cytosine); and G (guanine); Chromosome = thread-shaped structure occurring in cell nucleus, which transmits hereditary characteristics.
Stands for deoxyribonucleic acid. A molecule made out of two strands that are tied together by hydrogen bonds; each strand being made up of a sugar, a phosphate group and one of four bases (adenine, guanine, cytosine or thymine).
D = DNA: Y = chromosome; S = (STR) Single Tandem Repeats; The DYS numbering scheme (e.g. DYS388, DYS 390) for the Y-STR haplotype loci is controlled and administered by an international standards body called HUGO, Human Gene Nomenclature Committee based at the University College, London.
The fundamental physical and functional unit of
heredity, which carries information from one generation to the next; a segment
of DNA, composed of a transcribed region and a regulatory sequence that makes
transcription possible.
Generation
The average interval of time between the birth
of parents and the birth of their offspring. For purposes of DNA testing,
FTDNA uses 20 years, and others labs appear to be hovering around 25 years.
Some people have found that in their families a generation could be about 30
years. When you are trying to estimate the time to the most recent common
ancestor (MRCA), the results will differ depending on the number of years used
for a generation.
The members of HG1 are thought to be the descendants of the Paleolithic hunter-gatherers who arrived in Europe before the last Ice Age about 40,000 years ago. That pattern is most common in Western Europe, but is also found in all other parts of Europe.
Haplotype 1.15
Hg1.15 is the haplotype with the highest frequency within hg1, i.e. the mode; it is exactly the same as AMH.
Haplotype 1.15+
Hg1.15+ are all haplotypes that are within 1 mutation of hg1.15.
The members of HG2 are believed to be the descendants of two later waves of humans into Europe. The last of these waves arrived about 8,000 years ago and is credited with introducing agriculture into Europe. HG2 is most common in Southern and Central Europe, but that haplogroup is also often seen in those of Anglo-Saxon and Scandinavian descent.
Hg3 is indicative of "Viking blood" when seen in paternal lines originating in the British Isles. The forefather of all HG3's is thought to have been born in the Ukraine during the last Ice Age about 15,000 years ago.
Variable Number Tandem Repeats. A defined region of DNA containing multiple copies of short sequences of bases, which are repeated a number of times, the number of repeats varying among individuals in the population.
