New York Indian Timelines

Calumet County, Wisconsin Genealogy & History
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New York Indian Timelines

Preliminary Draft

Contents

Whites and All Indian Tribes

Whites and All Indian Tribes

Date-----Historical Event

1100--Iroquois construct longhouses

1300--Iroquois begin growing maize

1524--Giovanni da Verrazano (Italian navagator in French service) enters New York Harbor, meets Indians

1535--Jacques Cartier explores St. Laurence river

1570--1570 or earlier: Iroquois League established

1609--Henry Hudson sails up the Hudson River to encounter the Mohicans

1609--Henry Hudson explores Delaware Bay and Hudson River

1609--French attack Mohawks near Lake Champlain; emity between French & Iroquois for 150 years +

1610--Fort Nassau established

1613--Dutch arrange peace between Mohawk and Mahican

1614--Adriean Block establishes trading arrangements with Indians in NY, CT and RI

1615--1615-1664 amicable relations between Dutch and Iroquois

1617--war between Mohawks and Mohicans

1618--Dutch arrange peace between Mohawk and Mahican

1618--Covenant Chain allows Iroquois to represent neighboring tribes in negotiating with Whites

1620--Pilgrams land at Plymouth Rock, MA

1624--1624-28: Mohawks push Mohican east of Hudson river

1624--Fort Orange established near present Albany NY with 30 families

1626--Dutch buy Manhattan Island: Fort Amsterdam established on Manhatten Island NY

1628--Mohawks gain power compared to Mohicans 1628-1675

1630--Puritans begin settlement of Massachusetts Bay (Boston); 2000 Puritans arrive at Boston Harbor

1632--Beaver Wars 1632 - 1700: Iroquois war over beaver trade with Hurons and others backed by French

1633--1633-1635 small pox kills thousands of Indians in southern New England

1633--Boston traders reach Connecticut river

1633--Dutch governor of New Amsterdam buys land & constructs fort at what is now Hartford, CT

1633--Plymouth traders erect trading house at what is now Windsor, CT

1634--Frenchman Jean Nicolet is first White to reach Wisconsin; WI comes under French control

1636--Roger Williams establishes Providence RI

1636--Thomas Hooker leads MA settlers to CT; they found Hartford, Windsor & Wethersfield on CT river

1637--Pequot War: Pequots killed and enslaved by English with Mohegans, Niantics & Narragansetts

1637--about 80 Pequots assigned to Narragansetts leave to establish community at what is now Westerly, CT

1637--after 1637, Uncas, Miantonomi, Ninigret & Wyandanch vie for influence with English colonies

1638--New Sweden established on lower Delaware river

1638--John Davenport leads MA settlers to found New Haven CT

1639--New Dutch governor replaces peacemaking with harassment and extermination of Indians

1640--colonial population = 25,000

1642--Montreal established

1643--Pequots assigned to Mohegans move to Nameaug (New London & Waterford)

1643--Pequots assigned to Mohegans move to Noank (Grotan) under Cassasinamon

1643--Pavonia Massacre: Mohawks and then Dutch massacre 80 Wappingers

1643--1643-1645 Wappinger (Governor Kieft's) War: 1600 Wappingers killed, others put under Mohicans

1644--Sep 1644 meeting of United Colonies, a confederation of MA Bay, Plymouth, CT& New Haven

1644--Sep 1644 Hartford treaty

1645--Iroquois nearly exterminate the Erie

1648--Dutch population in NY = 2000

1649--1649-50: Iroquois conquer Hurons

1649--tolerant John Winthrop dies, succeeded by bigoted John Endicott

1650--Iroquois conquer Neutrals, Susquehannock, Tionontati ; Iroquois adopt 7,000

1650--Pequots receive 500 acres at Noank

1651--Iroquois expell Neutrals from Niagara Pennisula

1651--CT gives back some Noank land to Mashantucket Pequots

1651--Natick, a MA praying town was established by John Eliot

1652--war between England and Holland

1653--1653-56; Iroquois practically exterminate Erie

1653--Pequots assigned to Niantics locate at Massatuxet Creek

1653--Harmon Garret assumes name Wequash Cook became recognized chief of Pequots

1654--small pox epidemic 1654-1657

1655--Peach War: Dutch war with Delawares

1655--Dutch capture New Sweden

1659--Esophis War 1659-1660

1660--Iroquois attack Ottawa

1660--Iroquois have maximum population of 25,000 including many adoptees

1660--Montauketts devastated by smallpox epidemic 1660, 1663-1664

1660--colonial population = 80,000

1660--Dutch population = 10,000

1660--English civil war ends; colonial policy tightens control of colonies

1663--2nd Esophis War 1663-1664

1664--Mohawks make lasting peace with Mohicans

1664--English conquer New Netherland, New York established which includes Long Island

1664--English fleet captures New Amsterdam, New Netherlands becomes New York

1666--CT puritans found Newark NJ began expanding settlement in NJ

1666--Pequots establish reservation of about 3000 acres at Mashantucket, headwaters of Mystic River

1666--Nicolas Perrot opens fur trade with Wisconsin Indians

1667--Iroquois sign peace treaty with the French

1670--Iroquois conquer the Adirondacks, extending into New England, the SE and west to Mississippi river

1673--Marquet and Jolliet explore a Fox-Wisconsin river water route from Lake Michigan to Mississippi River

1673--Marquette & Joliet reach the Mississippi river

1675--King Philip's War (1675-1676): virtual extermination of Wampanoag, Nipmuc & Narragansett

1675--Pequots allied with colonists in King Philip's War

1676--Iroquois defeat Susquehannock, making Munsee subject to the Iroquois

1676--Over 200 enslaved Indians sold in the Carribean

1680--1680-84: Iroquois attack Illinois & Miami

1681--William Penn establishes Pennsylvania; maintains peaceful relations with Indians

1682--LaSalle claims Louisiana for France

1683--Treaty of Friendship between chief Tammamend & William Penn

1688--Iroquois massacre 1000+ French at Montreal

1688--1688-97: King William's War between Britain and France

1688--PA is first province to protest slavery (Germantown Protest)

1689--many Delawares killed in King Williams War 1689-1696

1689--population of New England & middle colonies = 121,000

1697--Treaty of Ryswick ends King William's War

1700--Sachem Weequehela signs some deed transfers

1700--Iroquois control most of NY, PA, NJ, DE, MD, OH, KY, parts of VA, TN, IN, IL, MI, upper Canada

1700--population: Mohawk 3000, Oneida 1000, Onondaga 3000, Cayuga 2000, Seneca 7000, total = 16,000

1700--colonial population = 251,000

1701--Iroquois sign peace treaty with the French and their Algonquin allies

1701--British compel many tribes in Ohio Valley to join Covenant Chain allowing Iroquois to represent them

1701--1701-13: Queen Anne's War between Britain and France, fighting mostly in Whites & Maritimes

1702--Delaware established as separate colony from PA

1704--Mason case begins with John Mason and Mohegans asking voiding of land claims since 1685

1721--Pequots obtain clear title to Mashantucket by giving up planting rights at Noank

1722--Tuscarora join Iroquois League as non-voting members

1722--Iroquois incoporate 1,500 Tuscarora as 6th member of league

1727--Sachem Weequehela hanged for murder of Captain John Leonard

1727--Iroquois allow British to build Fort Oswego for trading beaver pelts

1727--1727-1754: about 2000 Germans immigrate a year to PA

1734--William Johnson (Irish) settles in Mohawk Valley, takes Mohawk wife Molly Brant & learns Iroquois

1734--Stockbridge tribe formed at Stockbridge, MA mainly includes Mohicans

1737--Walking Purchase: sons of William Penn cheat Delawares of 1200 square miles

1737--Iroquois in control of Covenant Chain support British Walking Purchase of Delaware lands

1740--Moravian missionaries begin workamong Munsees in Pennsylvania's Wyoming Valley

1740--1000 Mingo (Seneca and adopted Huron, Susquehannock, Neutrals, & Eries) move to OH & western PA

1740--Mohegans become members of David Jewett's Congreational church

1740--The Great Awakening of evangelical Christianity destabilized authority of Congregationist churches

1742--With Iroquois encouragement, Delaware & Shawnee join Mingo in OH

1743--Sachem Andrew Wooley signs treaty

1744--King George's War 1744-1748

1744--Treaty of Lancaster, Iroquois give permission to British to build Fort Pitt

1744--Presbyterian missionaries David & John Brainerd begin proselytizing among Delaware

1744--Treaty of Lancaster, Iroquois permit British to build Fort Pitt

1744--PA & VA interpret Treaty of Lancaster as Iroquois cession of OH to them

1744--1744-48: King George's War between Britain and France

1746--Brainerds move Brotherton community from Crosswicks (Crossweeksung), NJ to Cranbury, NJ

1747--Virginia grants charter to the Ohio Co. to open settment of Ohio Valley west to the Illinois River

1748--2nd Treaty of Lancaster: Pennsylvania urges Iroquois to give up control of Ohio Valley to Delawares

1750--colonia population = 1,250,000

1752--French burn unfinished Fort Pitt, build Fort Duquesne

1754--French & Indian War with English 1754-1763

1754--1754-63: Pequots fight with English in French & Indian War

1755--French defeat Braddock's English forces in defense of Fort Duquesne

1755--1755-1758 Delaware kill many colonists in PA, NJ & NY; succeeding colonists hate Indians

1755--Munsee attack Moravian mission at Gnadenhuetten (Bethleham) PA

1755--Cranbury, NJ settlement disbanded, some return to Crosswicks, NJ

1755--1755-63: French & Indian War between France & England

1756--remaining Wappinger & Munsee permanently flee Esopus Valley

1756--Crosswicks Conference

1757--Lancaster Conference

1758--Stephen Calvin is interpreter for church & schoolmaster for an Indian school near Cranbury, NJ

1758--Tom Store, Moses Tatamy, Stephen Calvin, Isaac Stille, John Pompshire represent Delawares

1758--Reservation founded at Crosswicks (Crossweeksung) on Edgepillock creek

1758--Easton Conference: Delaware not residing in NJ give up all land claims, Edgepillock is last refuge

1758--English capture Fort Duquesne

1759--British capture Fort Niagara

1760--after French & Indian war, some Munsees settle at Goschgosching in northern PA

1760--British capture Montreal, occupy all French Forts in Ohio Valley & Great Lakes

1760--WI comes under British control

1760--William Johnson appointed British Indian Agent in North

1760--population of New England & middle colonies = 878,000

1761--British commander Jeffrey Amherst discontinues French practice of gift-giving, alienating Indians

1761--CT reduces Pequot reservation to 989 acres

1763--Pontiac Conspiracy captures 9 English forts west of Appalachians, but not Pitt, Niagara & Detroit

1763--Ohio Delaware attacked settlements in Juanita, Tuscarora, Cumberland & Wyoming valleys

1763--treatened by mob violence, Moravian & Quaker missions in PA evacuate their converts

1763--British Proclamation bars settlement west of the Appalachians, but ignored by Whites

1763--Pontiac Rebellion inspired by traditionalist Delaware phophet Neolin (Delaware, Shawnee & Mingo

1763--Thomas Gage replaces Jeffrey Amherst and renews gift-giving to Indians

1763--British Proclamation of 1763 halts all new settlement west of Appalachian Mountains

1763--Wisconsin becomes part of British colonial territory

1764--last of PA Delaware leave for OH

1764--almost all Delaware in Susquehanna Valley move west to OH

1764--Charles Langlade estabishes first White settlement in WI

1768--all Indians in Wyoming Valley move north to rapidly shrinking Iroquois homeland in NY

1768--Fort Stanwix treaty cedes Oneida and Mohawk land east of Proclamation Line to white Whites

1770--aft 1770, some Delaware (mostly southern Unami) settled in White River, IN - there to 1818

1772--build 3 missions along Tuscarawas & Muskingum rivers in OH

1773--13 Mar 1773; Indians from 7 communities plan move to NY to establish Brothertown

1773--final rejection of Mason land case in London

1773--15 Jan 1773; Mason case finally officially dismissed

1774--Oneida Council to approve land grant for future Brothertown community

1774--Lord Dunmore's (Cresap's) War destroys 6 Indian villages along the upper Ohio river

1774--50,000 Whites west of the Appalachians

1774--50,000 Whites west of the Appalachian Mountains and more coming

1775--Pittsburg Treaty guarantees Ohio River as western boundary of American nation

1775--1775-83: Pequots support colonists in American Revolution

1775--colonial population = 2,500,000

1775--1775-83: American Revolution

1777--Oneidas & Tuscarora support colonists, Mohawks, Onondagas, Cayugas & Senecas support British

1777--Battle of Oriskany: Colonial & Oneida defeat British, Seneca and Mohawk

1777--St. Leger's army prevented from proceeding east to meet Burgoyne's army

1777--Americans defeat British under Burgoyne at Saratoga NY

1778--Delaware are neutral in Revolutionary War, sign 1st treaty with US at Fort Pitt, immediately broken

1778--Oneidas bring food to Washington's starving army at Valley Forge PA

1778--1778-1783: Both British & Americans in turn devastate Iroquois villages throughout Mohawk Valley

1782--first major group moves to Brothertown, NY

1782--Gnadenhutten OH massacre, Delawares driven out of OH

1783--of 8,000 Iroquois, 3,000 killed and 2,000 move to Canada

1783--1783-1788, Stockbridge community moved to Stockbridge, Madison Co., NY

1783--Sep 1783; American revolution officially ends with Treaty of Paris

1784--second group moves to Brothertown, NY

1784--10 of 27 Mohegans who fought in the continental army arive home after the war

1784--about 30 Montauketts move to Brothertown, NY

1784--Montauketts with surnames Peters, Dick, Hanibal & Charles move to NY

1784--Fort Stanwix Treaty: Iroquois cede much of thier remaining land

1785--12,000 Whites north of the Ohio River

1785--14 Treaties with NY state (1785-1817), including 1788, 95, 98, 5mar1802, 4jun1802, 1810, & 1811

1785--Brothertown name adopted; note that this is different from Brainerd's Brotherton community

1785--1785-1810: More than half of Pequots move to Brothertown NY

1788--Fort Schuyler treaty gives 5,000,000 acres of Oneida land to New York

1788--reduced land base to 250,000-300,000 acres

1789--Fort Harmer Treaty recognize1784 boundary line & conceded compensation to 1768 boundary

1789--Fort Harmer Treaty

1790--General Harmer & 1500 men suffered disaster near junction of St. Joseph and St. Mary rivers

1790--US Trade and Non-Intercourse Act prohibited treaties without a federal representative

1791--General St. Clair defeated & severely punished in November, 1791.

1791--Munsees live among Seneca on the Allegheny River, NY

1791--General Wayne defeats Delawares and allies and ruined their villages and fields

1791--Chief sachem Hendrick Aupaumut interested in moving west

1792--Northern Unami, Munsee, Mahican & others settle at Moraviantown,Thames River, Ontario

1793--at Miami Rapids council (13aug1793) issues proclamation that Delawares will not retreat from OH

1794--Canandaigua (Pickering) Treaty recognizes Oneida sovereignty & promises protection for their lands

1794--due to Oneida warriors participation in Revolution, grants annual annuities

1794--Treaty of Canandaigua grants Stockbridges $4,500

1795--Greenville Treaty denies Munsees to be in OH, they move to White River, IN

1795--Edgepillock group still living on Crosswicks reservation

1796--NY assigns 149 lots to Brothertown Indians; sells remainder to Whites with proceeds to trust fund

1796--1796-1815: with NY financial help, Brothertowns build 2 sawmills, a gristmill & 2 school buildings

1798--1798-1799: John Dean hired as Brothertown schoolmaster & farming instructor

1800--1800-1809: Wisconsin included in Indian Territory

1802--Stephen Calvin and others leave Edgepollick reservation to join Stockbridge NY community

1807--Cayuga sell NY lands & move to join Seneca (Mingo) in OH

1809--1809-1818: Wisconsin included in Illinois Territory

1810--Holland Land Co. sold pre-emption right of purchase of Indian lands in NY to Ogden Co.

1812--1812-14: 100 Oneidas of 650 population fought on American side in War of 1812

1814--Stockbridges join Delaware at White River IN

1816--minister Eleazer Williams appointed to found Episcopal Church among Oneidas

1817--Eleazer Williams organizes First Christian Party; Pagen Party becomes Second Christian Party

1817--Ogden Co. plans to extinguish NY Indian title to almost all NY lands

1818--St. Marys Treaty: Delawares give up IN lands, move to James Fork of White River in southeast MO

1818--missionary Eleazer Williams proposed that Oneidas emigrate to Wisconsin

1818--John Metoxen leads 75 Stockbridges from Stockbridge, NY to White River, IN

1818--Aug 1818 John Sergeant Jr. journal reports 1/4 of tribe & 1/3 of church started for White River, IN

1818--1818-1836: Wisconsin included in Michigan Territory

1819--Episcopal Church built among Oneidas

1821--Menominee and Winnebago tribes grant NY Indians 860,000 acres east of the Fox River by treaty

1821--unauthorized delegation of Oneida (first Christian party) sign treaty with Menominee & Winnebago

1822--Delawares at Stockbridge, NY receive all of money ($3551.23) owed them by NJ

1822--Menominee and Winnebago tribes grant NY Indians an additional 6,720,000 acres

1822--revised treaty made between NY Indians and Menominee Indians

1822--1822-23: 150 Oneidas move to WI

1822--group from White River, IN first to settle at Kaukauna (Grand Cackalin or Statesburg), WI

1822--Treaty with Menominee and Ho-Chunk to grant land in Fox River Valley to Stockbridge Indians

1822--1822-23: 150 Stockbridges move to WI

1823--Brothertown establish small settlement on the Fox River at Kaukauna, WI

1823--a few Oneidas settle in Grand Kau-kau-lin on east side of Fox river

1823--a few Stockbridges settle in Grand Kau-kau-lin on east side of Fox river

1823--a few Brothertowns settle in Grand Kau-kau-lin on east side of Fox river

1823--Stockbridge Brothertown Treaty

1824--1824-86 NY treaties reduced Oneida lands in NY to 32 acres

1824--some Munsees (Delawares) join Stockbridges at Kaukauna

1825--more Oneidas move from NY to WI

1825--Oneidas move from Kaukauna to Fox Creek

1827--Oneida Methodists (Orchard Party) settled on south end of the Duck Creek settlement

1827--Butte des Morts treaty between US & Menominee takes most of Oneida land

1827--Butte des Morts treaty gives US president authority to decide tribal land boundaries

1828--law enables selling Brothertown lots to Whites, giving proceeds to Brothertowns for move to WI

1828--John W. Quinney leads Indians from Stockbridge, NY to Kaukauna, WI

1829--Delawares in southeast MO exchange MO lands for reserve in northeast KS (Kansas City)

1831--Seneca-Cayuga in OH cede land to US & move to Indian Territory

1831--treaty provides NY Indians about 500,000 acres in Fox river valley from Kaukauna toward Green Bay

1831--Chief sachem John Metoxen

1831--About 225 Stockbridges and 100 Delawares (Munsees) living in Kaukauna

1831--US govt treaty gives Stockbridge and Brothertown reservation in Calumet Co., WI

1832--NJ pays $2000 to Brotherton (Raritan) Delawares (Burlington NJ) for some hunting and fishing rights

1832--Bartholomew Calvin negotiates for Brotherton Delwares with NJ

1832--Andrew Jackson'sIndian Removal Act enacted to move all Indians west of the Mississippi River

1832--treaty grants Stockbridge-Munsees & Brothertowns land on east side of Winnebago Lake

1832--During 1832-34, Stockbridge-Munsees move to Calumet Co., WI east of Lake Winnebago

1834--Stockbridges at White River IN join others in WI

1834--Oneida Indians move to Duck Creek area which became Oneida, WI

1834--Stockbridge Indians move to Calumet Co., WI

1836--threatened with removal, Brothertown petition for US citizenship & individual title to tribal lands

1836--Congress creates Territory of Wisconsin, President Andrew Jackson appoints Henry Dodge Governor

1837--majority of Brothertowns have migrated from NY to WI

1837--additional Munsees join Stockbridges in WI

1837--Moravian Munsee from Canada join Stockbridge-Munsee in Wisconsin

1837--Stockbridge-Munsee Constitution and By-laws (written by John Metoxen) approved 18 Nov 1837

1838--confirms cession of land (later defined as 65,430 acres) of 2 previous treaties with Menominees

1838--treaty reduces Oneida lands to about 61,000 acres

1838--600 Oneida living near Green Bay, WI

1838--Treaty

1839--US grants Brothertown US citizenship & individual title to tribal lands

1839--70 Stockbridges & 100 Munsees move, some to KS, others on to OK, a few back to WI

1839--Act of Congress allots Brothertown lands to individuals, grants them citizenship & ends tribal status

1839--Treaty; Land purchased in exchange for Calumet Co. lands

1839--Some Stockbridges move to Kansas and Oklahoma, many died, some stayed, some returned

1839--Munsees join Stockbridge Indians to be called Stockbridge-Munsee

1840--1840s & 1850s: Delawares serve as buffalo hunters and scouts for US army and wagon trains

1840--Stockbridge roll prepared based on Constitution adopted in 1837

1840--Wisconsin population = 30,945

1840--1840s: Citizens and Indian Parties divide Stockbridges

1841--Some Brothertowns still migrate from NY to WI

1842--ct changes all Stockbridge Indians to Citizens

1843--Some Stockbridges relinquish tribal membership to become U.S. citizens

1843--US offers Stockbridges US citizenship in return for surrendering tribal land ownership

1848--ct reverses 1842 Act to change citizens back to Stockbridge Indians

1848--Wisconsin becomes State

1849--Stockbridge surrender title to WI land for $25,000 and unkept promise of land west of Mississippi

1850--Wisconsin population = 305,391

1852--John W. Quinney elected grand sachem

1856--CT sells of all but 213 acres of 989 acre Pequot reservation

1856--Treaty: Stockbridge-Munsee move to Red Springs & Bertelme in Shawano Co., WI

1856--non-citizen Stockbridge-Munsee settle on reservation in Shawano Co., WI

1856--Citizens Act: Eliminates many full blood Stockbridge Indians from roll

1862--170 KS Delawares serve in 6th & 15 KS Volunteer Calvary of the Union Army

1866--most of 1,160 Delaware in KS move to OK, others scatter to join other tribes

1870--Quakers draft a bill to allot the Oneida Reservation

1870--Indian Party (Episcopalian) oppose allotment; Citizen Party (Methodist) support allotment

1870--Oneidas allow the Green Bay & Lake Pepin Railway to construct a railway across their Reservation

1871--Green Bay & Lake Pepin Railroad crosses Oneida Reservation

1871--Act

1874--Dawes Act grants U.S. citizenship to all Indians

1874--Stockbridge Roll

1877--Lyman C. Draper interviews WI Oneidas concerning Oneida participation in Revolutionary War

1877--Wisconsin resolution memorializes US Congress that Oneida Reservation should be alloted

1879--Carlisle Indian Industrial School in Carlisle PA founded by Capt. Richard H. Pratt

1879--492 Oneidas attend Carlisle School in PA, others attend Hampton in VA & Haskell in KS

1887--Dawes Allotment Act to end the reservation system, distributing tribal lands to individual Indians

1887--General Allotment Act divided up reservation lands, allotting portions to individual Indians

1888--16 Nov 1888; Indian Agent William Parsons reports investigation of claims of Stockbridge's Old Citizen Party

1889--allotments were made to 1496 Oneidas, census counts 1728 Oneidas

1891--Dawes act applied to Oneida reservation in 1891

1893--Restoration Act

1893--Act requires returning Stockbridges eliminated from roll in 1956, 1971 & 1974

1894--Stockbridge roll is missing

1901--Stockbridge Roll

1906--Burke Act authorized cancellation and sale of allotments to Oneidas who died or were incompetitant

1906--Stockbridge Roll

1906--beginning of taxes levied against Oneida landowners with result that much land is foreclosed

1911--15 Aug 1911; Red Springs (named after color of water) becomes town after separation from Herman.

1920--1920s: Brothertowns pay to pursue NY land claims, lose money when claim dismissed

1930--Oneida land holdings average 10 acres, with 80 acres necessary for sustaining a farm

1931--Stockbridge-Munsee Business Committee formed in Red Springs, WI with resulting political activity

1933--Indian Reorganization Act provides funds for reorganizing tribal govts & retrieving reservation lands

1933--Oneidas receive $2000 from Federal State relief funds

1934--Federal Relief Corporation sends Oneidas 1,500 head of sheep

1934--Indian reorganization act affirms tribe's right to govern its own lands

1934--Constitution makes everyone who received land in 1934 allotment a member & establishes quantum

1935--US government repairs 169 Oneida buildings at cost of $12,501.98

1935--CT reports population of Pequots on reservation = 42

1937--1,270 acres bought and placed in trust for Oneida

1937--18 Nov 1937; present Stockbridge-Munsee Constitution adopted

1938--Stockbridge Tribal Council formed; tribe repurchases 2,250 of original 40,000 acres

1939--WPA interviews over 100 Oneida Elders

1939--1300 of 1500 Oneidas receive various forms of US government assistance

1972--13,000 additional acres placed in trust for Stockbridges

1972--Additional 13,000 acres given to Stockbridge-Munsee

1975--Richard (Skip) Hayward is elected first Manashantucket tribal chairman

1976--Mashantucket Pequot constitution approved; lawsuits begun to regain land sold by CT in 1856

1978--US Dept of Interior establishes guidelines for Indian tribes to regain federal recognition

1983--Mashantucket Pequots receives federal recognition, wins land claim & establishes $900,000 trust fund

1985--Supreme Court ruling entitles all Oneida collectively to a 250,000 land claim in central NY

1986--Mashantucket Pequots opens high stakes bingo

1988--Indian Gaming Regulatory Act provides Indians rights to operate casinos

1990--Native American Graves & Repatriation Act provides for returning cultural articles to tribes

1992--Mashantucket Pequot opens Foxwood Resort Casino

1997--13,270 Oneidas; after 3-4 generations away, many are returning to take Oneida jobs

1998--Mashantucket Pequot Museum & Research Center opens

1999--The Delaware Tribe of Indians in OK obtains BIA recognition

2000--Delaware groups in w. OK, e. OK, NJ, e. PA, w. PA, KS & ID, plus Stockbridge Munsee in WI

2000--3 Ontario reserves: Delaware of Grand River, Moravians of Thames, Munsees of Thames

2000--70,000 Iroquois at about 20 communities and 8 reservations in NY, WI, OK, Ontario & Quebec

2000--11,000 Oneida at Oneida WI, 700 at Oneida NY, 4,600 at Thames and Grand River in Ontario

2000--about 1650 on the Brothertown tribal rolls

2003--133 acres used by Green Bay & Lake Pepin Railway since 1870 returned to Oneida Tribe

2003--Oneida land holdings are 16,689 acres in Brown & Outagamie Co. WI, nearly 25% of original lands

Whites